Notes On Two Southern African Arctotis Species (Arctotideae: Asteraceae) Growing In California

2008·2.8 MB·English

by  Alison M Mahoney

Madrono, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 244^247, 2008
NOTES ON TWO SOUTHERN AFRICAN ARCTOTIS SPECIES (ARCTOTIDEAE:
ASTERACEAE) GROWING IN CALIFORNIA
Alison M. Mahoney
Department of Biology, Minnesota State University - Mankato,
MN
242 Trafton Science Center S, Mankato, 56001
[email protected]
Robert McKenzie
J.
Molecular Ecology and Systematics Group, Department of Botany, Rhodes University,
P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
Abstract
A literature review and determination of specimens performed in conjunction with treatment
preparations for the Flora ofNorth AmericaNorth ofMexico and the secondedition ofTheJepson
Manualindicatesthat thenamesinusefortwoArctotisspecies(Arctotideae: Asteraceae)occurringin
California needupdating. Venidiumfastuosum (Jacq.) Stapf, a rareescapefromcultivation, shouldbe
Arctotisfastuosa Jacq. (PI. hort. schoenbr. 2: 20, pi. 166; 1797) and A. venusta Norl. (Bot. Not. 118:
406-7; 1965) is the correct name for a naturalized species previously determined as A. stoechadifolia
P.J. Bergius.
Key Words: Arctotideae, Arctotis, Asteraceae, naturalization, Venidium.
The only members oftribe Arctotideae (Aster- Venidiumfastuosum
aceae) with established populations in North
America occur in Cahfornia and New Mexico The genus Arctotis is characterized principally
(Mahoney 2006). All are southernAfrican species by achenes with three ± well-developed abaxial
introduced through horticulture. Among them, wings that create one or two distinct furrows or
only one species is potentially invasive; the others s"ceagvrietgiaetse"d(fMrcoKmenArzciteoteitsabl.y2L0e0s5s)i.ngVe(n18i3d1i,um18w3a2s)
range from occasional to naturalized garden
escapes with limited distributions. Munz and based on the less well-developed achene wings,
the absence or extreme reduction of pappus
Keck (1973) and McClintock (1993) treated four
scales, and differences in achene pubescence.
species: Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce [G. Beauverd (1915) and Lewin (1922) found the
longiscapa DC], Arctotheca calendula (L.) Le- distinguishing characters used by Lessing unten-
vyns, Venidium fastuosum (Jacq.) Stapf, and able and transferred Venidium species into
Arctotis stoechadifolia P.J. Bergius. Arctotis, but Stapf (1926) disagreed and trans-
NaturalizedpopulationsofG. linearis(treasure- ferred A. fastuosa Jacq. to Venidium. Use of the
flower) occur along roadsides, especially in urban name V. fastuosum has persisted in U.S. floral
coastal areas of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles treatments (Munz and Keck 1973; Liberty Hyde
Counties. EntitiestreatedpreviouslyasArctotheca Bailey Hortorium 1976; McClintock 1993; Quat-
calendula (capeweed) (Munz and Keck 1973; trocchi 2000; Calflora 2007; USDA 2007).
McClintock 1993) actually consist oftwo distinct A morphological study of achenes and initial
species. Arctotheca prostrata (Salis.) Britten is a molecular analyses of subtribe Arctotidinae
sterile perennial that spreads aggressively by (McKenzie et al. 2005, 2006; Funk et al. 2007)
prostrate stems along roadsides and in other support Beauverd's and Lewin's observations for
disturbed sites in the North Coast (NCo), South some of the species previously placed in Veni-
Coast (SCo), Central West (CW), and Western dium. Results from a larger molecular study of
Transverse Ranges (WTR) floristic province Arctotidinae (McKenzie and Barker 2008) indi-
subregions ofCalifornia. Arctotheca calendula, a cate that although Arctotiss.l. is polyphyleticand
fertile annual classified as invasive by the Cali- needs redefining, California's Arctotis species will
fornia Exotic Pest Plant Council (Brossard et al. retain their names. Based on these new data, the
2000), occursinafewcoastalanddisturbedurban name Arctotisfastuosa Jacq. should be adopted
habitats in the NCo, Central Coast (Ceo), and for the species previously known as Venidium
Outer South Coast Ranges (SCoRO) subregions. fastuosum.
The present paper is confined to updating Arctotis fastuosa is a hirsute to lanate, tap-
names and identities of Venidium fastuosum rooted annual with heads up to 10 cm in
(monarch-of-the-veld) and Arctotis stoechadifolia diameter. Its rays are bright orange to yellow (a
(blue-eyed African daisy). white-rayed form is in cultivation), usually
2008] MAHONEY AND MCKENZIE: TWO ARCTOTIS SPECIES IN CALIFORNIA 245
marked basally with a purple-black band; its flowering shoots arise. Its ray florets are white or
discs areyellowish-brown. The species is native to pale yellow; its discs are black. The silver-grey
the semi-arid, winter-rainfall Namaqualand re- leaves have a dense, tightly appressed woolly
gion of South Africa. Stapf(1926) referred to A. tomentum on both the upper and lower surfaces.
fastuosa as a weed of cornfields in its native The outer involucral bracts have a rigid base and
range, where it is now common on roadsides, a 4—7 mm long, acuminate, linear-cylindrical
but in California it very rarely escapes from apical appendage. The obovoid-obconical
cultivation and does not appear to have natural- achenes are densely tomentose and bear strongly
ized. We are not aware of the species being a incurved, ± entire lateral wings that partially
problematic weed in any country. McKenzie conceal the abaxial 'cavities.' Arctotis venusta is
et al. (2005) found that herbarium specimens an erect, tap-rooted, summer-flowering annual.
determined as A. fastuosa can be divided into Its ray florets are white with a narrow yellow
at least three distinct entities based on achene band at the base of the limb; its discs are a
morphology. We have been able to examine distinctive greyish-purple. The leaves are usually
achenes from two CaUfornian specimens {Fuller more thinly and loosely tomentose. The outer
8191, CDA; R. Whitaker s.n., RSA); in both, involucral bracts have a soft base and a short, 1-
mm
achenes lack pappi, pubescence, and basal tufts 3 long appendage with a rounded or obtuse
of hairs and are readily referable to typical A. apex. The oblong-obconical achenes are ±
fastuosa. glabrous to sparsely tomentose on the abaxial
Specimens examined. USA, CA, Riverside Co., and tangential surfaces and the oblong-obovate
Thermal, estabhshing itself, 10 March 1949, cavities are obvious. Herbarium specimenscan be
Whitaker s.n. (RSA), 5.2 mi S of Beaumont, more difficult to distinguish due to faded fiorets
roadside sand, 17 February 1960, Fuller 3609 and missing lower-stem or below-ground parts,
(CDA); San Bernardino Co., San Bernardino, but the differences in leafpubescence, involucral-
NE of Central Ave. & 3'^'* St, Gate 5, Norden bract and achene features allow discrimination of
AFB, waste ground, 11 April 1962, Fuller 8191 the two species.
(CAS, CDA). Our determination of CaUfornian specimens
from horticulture and naturally-occurring popu-
Arctotis stoechadifolia and A. venusta
lations previously determined as A. stoechadifolia
During a 1939^0 study ofArctotis specimens, confirms that they belong to A. venusta. No
Norlindh (1964) found that in the last revision of specimens of A. stoechadifolia have been ob-
Arctotidinae, Lewin (1922) had misinterpreted A. served. Norlindh (1964) noted that A. venusta is
stoechadifolia P.J. Bergius, a prostrate, mat- weedy even in its native range, often occurring in
forming perennial occurring in open sandy, cultivated fields or along roadsides, while A.
seasonally wet areas and stabilized dunes in the stoechadifolia does not readily tolerate competi-
southwestern Cape. Lewin applied this name to tion so that some populations have disappeared
an erect, tap-rooted annual occurring in a wider due to urban sprawl and the planting oferosion-
range ofhabitats and with a broader distribution preventing trees and shrubs. Wells et al. (1986)
in inland southern Africa (Norlindh 1964). The classified A. venusta as a ruderal, agrestal and
native ranges of the two entities do not overlap. pastoral weed in South Africa. Stated undesirable
Although Norlindh (1965) subsequently de- characteristics include: that it may be poisonous
scribed and named the annual species A. venusta to stock, it taints milk, and is a crop-seed
Norl., Lewin's interpretation has been adopted contaminant. Arctotis venusta is predicted as
widely. Arctotis venusta is a popular horticultural highly likely to become a weed, and further-
plant and is often grown under the name A. more to become an agricultural weed, in Aus-
stoechadifolia, A. stoechadifolia var. grandis tralia (Scott and Panetta 1993). It appears
(Thunb.) Less, or A. grandis Thunb. Sometimes that A. venusta has been cultivated in California
the names A. stoechadifolia and A. venusta are for at least 150 years but in that time has not
treated as synonyms (Brickell and Zuk 1996). naturalized extensively. However, all but one of
Mahoney's (2006) FNA treatment maintained the Californian specimens of A. venusta we
the name A. stoechadifolia but commented on its examined were collected before 1971; whether
A
probable misuse. full investigation subsequent this reflects its rarityora lull in activecollectingis
to preparation of that treatment and availabiUty unclear. It is interesting that naturalized Califor-
of further data have clarified the identity of the nian populations of A. venusta occur in coastal,
Californian specimens. sandy habitats that might be favored by A.
Arctotis stoechadifolia and A. venusta are stoechadifolia, even though A. venusta is an
morphologically distinct species (Norlindh inland species occurring in rangeland habitats
1964). Fresh plants cannot be confused. Arctotis far from the coast in its native range in southern
stoechadifolia is a mat-forming perennial that Africa.
produces long (up to ± 1 m), adventitiously The true Arctotis stoechadifolia has become
rooting, prostrate stems from which the erect naturalized along parts of the coastline of
MADRONO
246 [Vol. 55
Australia (Jeanes 1999; Rippey and Rowland Brickell, C. and J. D. Zuk (eds.) 1996. American
2004; Barkeret al. 2005) due to its popularity as a Horticultural Society: A-Z encyclopedia ofgarden
garden ornamental plant and its use as a dune plants. Dorling Kindersley Publishing, New York,
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has been assessed to be a minor problem weed in Berkeley, CA.
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more locations within a state or territory in education, research and conservation [web appli-
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California. Linnean Society 153:1-8.
Specimens examined. USA, CA, Los Angeles Groves, R. H., J. R. Hosking, G. N. Batianoff,
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probably Los Angeles], Ocean Park, sand lots Weed categories for natural and agricultural
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Orange Co., 2 mi NE ofHuntington Beach near Canberra, Australia.
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roadside, infrequent escape, 25 July 1970, Hen- Walsh N. G. and T. J. Entwistle (eds.). Flora of
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flat just back of high tide, 21 October 1933, Lessing, C. F. 1831. Synanthereae Rich. Pp. 83-170 in
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