Notes on Set Theory

280 Pages·1994·6.906 MB·English

by  Yiannis N. Moschovakis (auth.)

Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
Editors
J.H. Ewing
F.W.Gehring
P.R.Halmos
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
Apostol: Introduction toAnalytic NumberTheory.Second edition.
Armstrong: Groups andSymmetry.
Armstrong: BasicTopology.
BaklNewman: ComplexAnalysis.
BanchofTIWermer: LinearAlgebra Through Geometry. Second edition.
Bremaud: An Introduction to Probabilistic Modeling.
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Brickman: Mathematical Introduction to LinearProgrammingand GameTheory.
Cederberg: A Course in Modem Geometries.
Childs:A Concrete Introduction to HigherAlgebra.
Chung: Elementary ProbabilityTheory with Stochastic Processes.Third edition.
Cox/Little/O'Shea: Ideals, Varieties, andAlgorithms.
Curtis: LinearAlgebra: An IntroductoryApproach. Fourthedition.
Devlin: The Joy of Sets: Fundamentals of ContemporarySetTheory. Second edition.
Dixmier: General Topology.
Driver: Why Math?
Ebbinghaus/FlumlThomas: Mathematical Logic.
Edgar: Measure,Topology, and Fractal Geometry.
Fischer: Intermediate RealAnalysis.
Flanigan/Kazdan: Calculus Two: Linearand Nonlinear Functions. Second edition.
Fleming: Functions of Several Variables.Second edition.
Foulds: Optimization Techniques: An Introduction.
Foulds: Combinatorial Optimization for Undergraduates.
Franklin: Methodsof Mathematical Economics.
Halmos: Finite-Dimensional VectorSpaces. Second edition.
Halmos: Naive SetTheory.
Hiimmerlin/Hoffmann: Numerical Mathematics.
ReadingsinMathematics.
Iooss/Joseph: Elementary Stability and BifurcationTheory. Second edition.
James: Topological andUniform Spaces.
Jiinich: Topology.
Klambauer: Aspects of Calculus.
Kinsey: Topology ofSurfaces.
Lang: A FirstCourse inCalculus.Fifth edition.
Lang: Calculus ofSeveral Variables.Third edition.
Lang: Introduction to LinearAlgebra. Secondedition.
Lang: LinearAlgebra. Third edition.
Lang: UndergraduateAlgebra.Second edition.
Lang: UndergraduateAnalysis.
Lax/Burstein/Lax: Calculus withApplications and Computing. Volume 1.
LeCuyer: College MathematicswithAPL.
(continuedafterindex)
Yiannis N. Moschovakis
Notes on Set Theory
With 36Illustrations
Springer
YiannisN. Moschovakis
DepartmentofMathematics
University of California
LosAngeles, CA90024USA
EditorialBoard:
JohnH. Ewing F.W. Gehring
Departmentof Mathematics Departmentof Mathematics
IndianaUniversity University ofMichigan
Bloomington, IN47405USA AnnArbor, MI48109USA
Paul R. Halmos
Departmentof Mathematics
SantaClaraUniversity
SantaClara,CA95053USA
MathematicsSubjectClassifications(1991):04-01
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Moschovakis, YiannisN.
Notesonsettheory / YiannisN.Moschovakis.
p, cm. - (Undergraduatetextsinmathematics)
Includesbibliographical referencesandindex.
I. Settheory. 1.Title. II. Series.
QA248.M665 1994
511.3'22-dc20 93-35825
© 1994SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYorkGreek edition published asNotesin Set
TheorybyNefeliPublications,Athens, 1993.
OriginallypublishedbySpringer-VerlagNewYork,Incin1994.
Allrightsreserved.Thiswork maynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpart without the
written permission ofthe publisher SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLCexcept for brief
excerpts in connection with reviewsor scholarlyanalysis. Use in connection with any form
of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar
ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereaf-terdevelopedisforbidden.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames, trade names,trademarks,etc., inthispublication,even
if the former are not especiallyidentified, isnot to be taken as a signthat such names, as
understood bytheTrade Marksand MerchandiseMarks Act,mayaccordinglybeusedfreely
byanyone.
ISBN978-1-4757-4155-1 ISBN978-1-4757-4153-7(eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-4153-7
Dedicated to the memory of Nikos Kritikos
PREFACE
What this book is about.The theory ofsetsisa vibrant,excitingmath
ematical theory, with its own basic notions, fundamental results and deep
open problems, and with significant applications to other mathematical
theories. At the same time, axiomatic set theory is often viewed as a foun
dation ofmathematics:it is alleged that all mathematical objects are sets,
and their properties can be derived from the relatively few and elegant
axioms about sets. Nothing so simple-minded can be quite true, but there
is little doubt that in standard, current mathematical practice, "making a
notion precise" is essentially synonymous with "defining it in set theory."
Set theory is the officiallanguage of mathematics, just as mathematics is
the officiallanguage ofscience.
Like most authors of elementary, introductory books about sets, I have
tried to do justice to both aspects ofthe subject.
From straight set theory, these Notes cover the basic facts about "ab
stract sets," including the Axiom of Choice, transfinite recursion, and car
dinal and ordinal numbers. Somewhat less common is the inclusion of a
chapter on "pointsets" which focuses on results of interest to analysts and
introducesthereaderto theContinuumProblem, centralto set theoryfrom
the very beginning. There is also some novelty in the approach to cardinal
numbers, which are brought in very early (followingCantor, but somewhat
deviously),so that the basic formulas ofcardinal arithmetic can be taught
as quickly as possible. Appendix A gives a more detailed "construction"
of the real numbers than is common nowadays, which in addition claims
some novelty of approach and detail. Appendix B is a somewhat eccen
tric, mathematical introduction to the study of natural models of various
set theoretic principles, including Aczel's Antifoundation. It assumes no
knowledge of logic, but should drive the serious reader to study it.
About set theory as a foundation ofmathematics, there are two aspects
ofthese Notes whicharesomewhat uncommon.First, Ihavetakenseriously
this business about "everything being aset" (which ofcourse it isnot) and
havetriedto makesenseofit intermsofthenotionoffaithful representation
of mathematical objects by structured sets. An old idea, but perhaps this
isthe first textbook which takes it seriously,tries to explain it,and applies
viii Notes on Set Theory
it consistently. Those who favor category theory will recognize some of its
basic notions in places, shamelessly folded into a traditional set theoretical
approach to thefoundations where categories are never mentioned. Second,
computation theory is viewed as part of the mathematics "to be founded"
and the relevantset theoretic results have been included,along with several
examples. The ambition was to explain what every young mathematician
or theoretical computer scientist needs to know about sets.
The book includes several historical remarks and quotations which in
some places give it an undeserved scholarly gloss. All the quotations (and
most of the comments) are from papers reprinted in the following two
marvelous and easily accessible source books, which should be perused by
all students ofset theory:
Georg Cantor, Contributions to the founding ofthe theory oftransfinite
numbers, translated and with an Introduction by Philip E. B. Jourdain,
Dover Publications, New York.
Jean van Heijenoort, Prom Prege to Giidel: Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, 1967.
How to use it. About half of this book can be covered in a Quarter
(ten weeks), somewhat more in a longer Semester. Chapters 1- 6cover the
beginningsofthesubjectand theyare writteninaleisurelymanner,sothat
theserious student can read through them alone,with littlehelp. Thetrick
to using the Notes successfully in a class is to cover these beginnings very
quickly:skip theintroductoryChapter 1,which mostlysets notation;spend
about a weekon Chapter 2, which explains Cantor's basic ideas; and then
proceedwith alldeliberatespeed through Chapters 3-6,sothat the theory
of well ordered sets in Chapter 7 can be reached no later than the sixth
week,preferably the fifth.Beginningwith Chapter 7, the resultsare harder
and the presentation is more compact. How much of the "real" set theory
in Chapters 7- 12can be covered depends, ofcourse, on the students, the
length of the course, and what is passed over. Ifthe class is populated by
future computer scientists, for example, then Chapter 6 on Fixed Points
should be covered in full,with its problems, but Chapter 10on Baire Space
might be omitted, sad as that sounds. For budding young analysts, at the
other extreme, Chapter 6 can be cut off after 6.26 (and this too is sad),
but at least part of Chapter 10should be attempted. Additional material
which can be left out,iftime isshort,includes the detailed development of
additionand multiplication onthe natural numbersin Chapter5,and some
of the less central applications of the Axiom of Choice in Chapter 9. The
Appendices are quite unlikely to be taught in a course (I devote just one
lecture to explain the idea ofthe construction ofthe reals in Appendix A),
though I would liketo think that they might be suitable forundergraduate
Honors Seminars, or individual reading courses.
Since elementary courses in Set Theory are not offered regularly and
Preface ix
they are seldom long enough to cover all the basics, I have tried to make
these Notes accessible to the serious student who is studying the subject
on his own. There are numerous, simple Exercises strewn throughout the
text, which test understanding of new notions immediately after they are
introduced. InclassI present about halfofthem, as examples, and I assign
some of the rest for easy homework. The Problems at the end of each
chaptervary widelyindifficulty,someofthemcoveringadditional material.
The hardest problems are marked with an asterisk (*).
Acknowledgments. I am grateful to the Mathematics Department of
the University of Athens for the opportunity to teach there in Fall 1990,
when I wrote the first draft ofthese Notes, and especially to Prof.A.Tsar
palias, whousually teaches that Set Theory course and used a second draft
inFall1991;and to DimitraKitsiou and StratosPaschos forstrugglingwith
PCsand laserprintersat the Athens Polytechnicin1990to producethe first
"hard copy" version. I am grateful to my friends and colleagues at UCLA
and Caltech (hotbedsofactivity inset theory) fromwhom I haveabsorbed
what I knowofthe subject, overmany years ofinteraction. I am especially
grateful to my wife Joan Moschovakis and my student Darren Kessner
for reading large parts ofthe preliminary edition, doing the problems and
discovering a host of errors; and to Larry Moss who taught out of the
preliminary edition in the Spring Term of 1993, found the remaining host
oferrors and wrote out solutions to many ofthe problems.
The book waswritten more-or-lesssimultaneously in Greek and English,
by the magic of bilingual U.TEJX1 and in true reflection of my life. I have
dedicated it to Prof. Nikos Kritikos (a student of Caratheodory), in fond
memory of many unforgettable hours he spent with me back in 1973,pa
tiently teaching me how to speak and write mathematics in my native
tongue, but also much about the loveofscience and the nature ofscholar
ship. Inthis connection, I am also greatly indebted to Takis Koufopoulos,
whoread criticallythe preliminaryGreekversion, corrected ahost oferrors
and made numerous suggestions which (I believe) improved substantially
the language ofthe final Greek draft.
Palaion Phaliron, Greece November 1993
1Greek mathematicians owe a substantial debt of gratitude to Silvio Levy,
whose lovelyGreekfonts madeit possibleto use'lEXand~TEJXinGreekscientific
publishing. Those interested in the package of public domain programs I have
used to typeset the Greek edition should contact me by mail, or (preferably)
electronically at [email protected].
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
Problems for Chapter 1....................................... 5
2. Equinumerosity 1
Countable unions ofcountable sets............................ 9
The reals are uncountable..................................... 11
A <, P(A) 15
Schroder-Bernstein Theorem.. ......... ....................... 16
Problems for Chapter 2....................................... 18
3. Paradoxes and axioms 19
The Russell paradox............................. ............. 21
Axioms (I) - (VI) ............................................ 24
Axioms for definite conditions and operations................. 27
Classes....................................................... 28
Problems for Chapter 3....................................... 31
4. Are sets all there is? 33
Ordered pairs................................................. 35
Disjoint union ................................................ 36
Relations.................... ................................. 37
Equivalence relations. ........................................ 38
Functions..................................................... 39
Cardinal numbers............................................. 43
Structured sets -....................................... 45
Problems for Chapter 4......... .............................. 46