Notes on feline internal medicine

442 Pages·2013·3.91 MB·English

by  Sturgess

notes on
feline
internal
medicine
second edition
kit sturgess

NOTES ON FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE
Second Edition
Notes On
“Notes on” is an exciting series specifi cally designed, through an accessible note-based
style, to ensure veterinarians and students have quick and easy access to the most
up-to-date clinical and diagnostic information.
O ther titles in the series:
Canine Internal Medicine, third edition
Edward J. Hall, Kate Murphy and Peter G. Darke
9780632053711
Rabbit Internal Medicine
Richard Saunders and Ron Rees Davies
9781405115148
Small Animal Dermatology
Judith Joyce
9781405134972
Cardiorespiratory Diseases of the Dog and Cat, second edition
Mike Martin and Brendan Corcoran
9781405122641
NOTES ON FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE
Second Edition
Kit Sturgess
This edition fi rst published 2013 © 2003, 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sturgess, Kit.
Notes on feline internal medicine / Kit Sturgess. – 2nd ed.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-67117-7 (pbk.) – ISBN 978-1-118-59769-9 (Mobi) –
ISBN 978-1-118-59771-2 (ePDF) – ISBN 978-1-118-59772-9 (ePub) –
ISBN 978-1-118-64516-1 – ISBN 978-1-118-64536-9
I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Cat Diseases–diagnosis–Handbooks. 2. Cat Diseases–therapy–Handbooks. SF 985]
SF985
636.8089–dc23
2013013320
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.
Cover image (left): Photo by Kit Sturgess; (middle) iStock stock-photo-15408185-cats-x-ray; (right) stock-
photo-18813080-veterinarian
Cover design by Sandra Heath
Set in Sabon LT Std 9/11pt by Aptara® Inc., New Delhi, India
1 2013
CONTENTS
Abbreviations viii
Introduction 1
Section 1
Key topics in feline medicine 5
1.1 Health screening 7
1.2 Preventative medicine 10
1.3 Paediatrics 13
1.4 Gerontology 20
1.5 Supportive care – fl uid therapy and analgesia 23
1.6 Sedation and anaesthesia 28
1.7 Emergency and critical care algorithms 32
Section 2
Clinical signs 37
Introduction 39
2.1 Abdominal enlargement 39
2.2 Anorexia 42
2.3 Arrhythmias 44
2.4 Ascites and peritoneal effusions 46
2.5 Ataxia 49
2.6 Behavioural changes 51
2.7 Bleeding/coagulopathies 52
2.8 Body odour 53
2.9 Collapse/syncope and weakness 54
2.10 Cardiac murmurs 56
2.11 Constipation, tenesmus and dyschezia 58
2.12 Chronic coughing 60
2.13 Diarrhoea 63
2.14 Dysphagia 65
2.15 Dyspnoea (respiratory distress) 67
2.16 Dysuria 70
2.17 Failure to grow 72
2.18 Flatulence 73
2.19 Haematemesis, haemoptysis and epistaxis 74
2.20 Haematochezia and melaena 75
2.21 Haematuria and haemoglobinuria 77
2.22 Hypothermia 79
2.23 Incontinence (urinary) 80
2.24 Incontinence (faecal) 81
vi Contents
2.25 Infertility – queens 82
2.26 Infertility – tomcats 84
2.27 Jaundice (icterus) 85
2.28 Lymphadenopathy 88
2.29 Ocular changes caused by systemic disease 89
2.30 Pallor 90
2.31 Paresis and paralysis 91
2.32 Polyphagia 93
2.33 Polyuria/polydipsia 94
2.34 Ptyalism 96
2.35 Pyrexia (fever) of unknown origin – PUO (FUO) 97
2.36 Regurgitation 98
2.37 Seizures 100
2.38 Sneezing and nasal discharge 102
2.39 Stiffness 104
2.40 Stupor and altered states of consciousness 105
2.41 Tremor 106
2.42 Vomiting 107
2.43 Weight loss 109
Section 3
Common abnormalities of haematology, biochemistry and urinalysis 111
Introduction 113
3.1 Low haematocrit 113
3.2 High haematocrit 114
3.3 Platelet abnormalities and clotting system 115
3.4 White blood cell changes 116
3.5 Acid–base disturbances 117
3.6 Amylase and lipase 118
3.7 Azotaemia 119
3.8 Calcium imbalance 120
3.9 Cholesterol and triglyceride changes 120
3.10 Electrolyte disturbances 121
3.11 Glucose abnormalities 122
3.12 Liver parameters 123
3.13 Muscle enzymes 125
3.14 Phosphate 125
3.15 Protein abnormalities 126
3.16 Urinalysis 128
Section 4
Organ systems 133
4.1 Respiratory disease 135
4.2 Cardiology 154
Contents vii
4.3 Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disease 190
4.4 Hepatobiliary disease 218
4.5 Renal disease 229
4.6 Lower urinary tract disease 249
4.7 Endocrine disease 263
4.8 Neurologic disease 283
4.9 Neuromuscular and muscular disease 304
4.10 Skeletal disease 307
4.11 Disorders of the blood, haemopoietic and immune system 318
4.12 Oncology and chemotherapy 336
4.13 Nutrition 339
4.14 Intoxication 350
Section 5
Infectious disease 355
5.1 Bordetellosis 357
5.2 Viral upper respiratory tract disease 358
5.3 Avian infl uenza 360
5.4 Chlamydophila felis 361
5.5 Feline infectious anaemia 364
5.6 Feline infectious peritonitis 366
5.7 Feline spongiform encephalopathy 371
5.8 Mycobacterial infections 372
5.9 Rabies virus 374
5.10 Toxoplasmosis 378
5.11 Feline leukaemia virus 380
5.12 Feline immunodefi ciency virus 387
5.13 Feline viral enteritis 391
5.14 Other infectious disease 396
5.15 Feline zoonoses 401
Further reading 403
Index 405
ABBREVIATIONS
⇒ implies ASA American society of
% percent anesthesiologists
/ per ASD atrial septal defect
@ at AST aspartate aminotransferase
< less than ATIII antithrombin III
> greater than AV arteriovenous;
± with or without atrioventricular
2D two dimensional AZT azidothymidine
AAFP American association of B vitamin B
12 12
feline practitioners BA bile acids
AcCh acetylcholine BCS body condition score
ACE angiotensin-converting BE base excess
enzyme BIPS barium impregnated
ACEi angiotensin-converting polyspheres
enzyme inhibitor BMR basal metabolic rate
ACP acepromazine BNP brain natriuretic peptide
ACT activated clotting time BP blood pressure
ACTH adrenocorticotropic bpm beats per minute
hormone BSA body surface area
ADE antibody-dependent BSH British shorthair
enhancement C cervical vertebra (followed
ADH antidiuretic hormone by number)
(vasopressin) C. Clostridium
ad lib free access Ca2+ calcium ion
AF atrial fi brillation cAMP cyclic adenosine
A:G albumin to globulin (ratio) monophosphate
AIDS acquired immunodefi ciency C(P)K creatine (phospho)kinase
syndrome CD cluster of differentiation
AKI acute kidney injury (followed by number)
ALI acute lung injury CDI central diabetes insipidus
AL(K)P alkaline phosphatase cf. compare with
ALT alanine aminotransferase CHF congestive heart failure
ANA antinuclear antibody CKD chronic kidney disease
Ao aorta Cl− chloride ion
APC atrial premature CN cranial nerve
contraction CNS central nervous system
APTT activated partial CO cardiac output
thromboplastin time CO carbon dioxide
2
APUDomas amine precursor and COAP cyclophosphamide, Oncovin
uptake decarboxylation (vincristine), L-asparaginase
omas prednisolone
ARDS acute respiratory distress COP cyclophosphamide,
syndrome Oncovin (vincristine),