Notes on Cerataphis brasiliensis and synonyms palmae, variabilis and fransseni (Homoptera: Aphididae), with a key to cerataphis species living on palms and orchids

11 Pages·1996·6.5 MB·

by  L M Russell

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
98(3), 1996, pp. 439-449
NOTES ON CERATAPHIS BRASILIENSIS AND SYNONYMS PALMAE,
VARIABILIS AND FRANSSENI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), WITH A KEY
TO CERATAPHIS SPECIES LIVING ON PALMS AND ORCHIDS
LoulIsE M. RUSSELL
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Mp 20705, U.S.A.
Abstract.(cid:8212)Cerataphis brasiliensis (Hempel) is established as a valid species. This spe-
cific name predates Cerataphis palmae (Ghesquiére), Cerataphis variabilis Hille Ris Lam-
bers and Cerataphis fransseni (Hille Ris Lambers) which are considered synonyms of C.
brasiliensis. The availability of topotypes of C. brasiliensis and syntypes of C. palmae is
disclosed, lectotypes and paralectotypes of C. palmae and C. variabilis are designated,
and the life cycle of C. fransseni is noted. A key is provided for the identification of
species of Cerataphis living on palms and orchids.
Key Words: Aphididae, Cerataphis, aphids, synonyms, lectotypes, paralectotypes, top-
otypes, palms, orchids, key
The objectives of this article are to es- Astegopteryx fransseni Hille Ris Lambers
tablish the validity of Cerataphis bras- 1953 eul=3.
iliensis (Hempel) as the correct name of a Cerataphis fransseni (Hille Ris Lambers)
palm-inhabiting aphid, to indicate synony- 1953: 2; new synonym of C. brasiliensis.
my of three names, to designate lectotypes
Early in this century several workers, in-
and paralectotypes of two species and pro-
cluding Embleton (1903), Schouteden
vide a key for the identification of species
(1906), Moreira (1925) and Theobald
of Cerataphis found on palms and orchids.
(1929) listed C. brasiliensis as a synonym
of Cerataphis lataniae (Boisduval 1867).
Cerataphis brasiliensis (Hempel) Bondar (1926), however, recognized bras-
(Figs. 1, 2) iliensis as a valid species. Hille Ris Lam-
bers (1953) stated that Cerataphis orchi-
Ceratovacuna brasiliensis Hempel 1901:
dearum (Westwood 1879) (cid:8220)(cid:8216)is also known
384-385.
as Ceratovacuna brasiliensis.(cid:8221)(cid:8217) The latter
Cerataphis brasiliensis (Hempel); Emble-
action was followed by Holman (1974) and
ton 1903: 95(cid:8212)96.
Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers (1976), but
Aleurocanthus palmae Ghesquiére 1934:
it is not acceptable when the description of
30.
brasiliensis is examined critically.
Cerataphis palmae (Ghesquiére); Ghesqui- Hempel(cid:8217)s description of the wingless
ére 1947: 177, 282, in Lepesme; new adult of C. brasiliensis stated, (cid:8216)(cid:8216)On the an-
synonym of C. brasiliensis. terior margin of the abdominal [lapsus cal-
Cerataphis variabilis Hille Ris Lambers ami, correct abdominal to cephalic] surface
1953: 95; new synonym of C. bras- there are two stout horns or spines, varying
iliensis. from 68(cid:8212)80 microns in length. The ventral
440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 1, 2. Cerataphis brasiliensis, topotypes. 1, Head and prothorax: antennae 5 segmented; 2 pairs of
spines, 1 pair of setae, each with tuberculate base, proximad of antennae. 2, Body outline.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 441
surface also bears two stout lance-shaped ed antennae, the posterior spines proximad
spines and four stout hairs near the base of of the antennae in each and the middle
the antennae. Antennae of four joints.(cid:8217)(cid:8217) Re- spines in one are short and stout with
garding the (cid:8220)larva(cid:8221) of the winged form, strongly tuberculate bases, and the anterior
Hempel wrote, (cid:8220)On the ventral surface near setae in each and the middle setae in one
the anterior margin there are two groups of are long and slender with weakly tubercu-
three spines each. These spines are tuber- late bases. These specimens, especially the
culate and lance-shaped, one pointing for- one with middle and anterior elongate setae
ward, the other two downward.(cid:8221) His col- and posterior spines are characteristic of C.
lection data for C. brasiliensis were (cid:8220)(cid:8216)Cam- palmae.
pinas, Brazil, on a species of palm; S. Pau- In the two specimens with five segment-
lo, on another species of palm, on a species ed antennae the posterior and middle spines
of Epidendron, and on Cattleya Harrison- are short and stout with strongly tuberculate
(Ga bases while the anterior setae are longer and
Hempel unknowingly included a species more slender but also have tuberculate bas-
from palms and one from orchids in the de- es as is the condition in some syntypes of
scription. But the relevant characters are the C. variabilis. The distal rostral segment is
stout, lance-shaped spines and setae with five-seventh the length of second hind tar-
tuberculate bases that may be present in sus. The cauda has six setae. These speci-
specimens on palms but are absent from mens are similar to syntypes of C. palmae
specimens on orchids. Four or five antennal but vary from most syntypes of C. varia-
segments occur in specimens on palms and bilis that I have seen.
four may be present in specimens on or-
Cerataphis palmae (Ghesquiere)
chids, but five are more common. These
(Figs. 3, 4)
characteristics place brasiliensis with spec-
imens described as C. palmae and C. var- Ghesquieére (1934) described the wing-
iabilis, and separate it from C. lataniae and less forms of C. palmae as follows (trans-
C. orchidearum. lation): (cid:8220)(cid:8220)The larvae and the nymphs are
In the following discussions, the three black, surrounded by a white fringe, the
pairs of characteristic processes proximad nymphs measure 1.5 mm long by 1 mm
of the antennae are called spines if they are wide.(cid:8221)(cid:8217) Ghesquiére (1947) stated that he
short and dagger- or lance-shaped and setae had described Cerataphis lataniae as
if they are long and slender. Aleurocanthus palmae and that Risbec
After diligent search, type specimens of (1942) had described lataniae as Aleuro-
C. brasiliensis have not been found in Bra- canthus sp.
zil or North America and they are presumed Cerataphis palmae was disregarded un-
to have been lost. Fortunately, topotypes of til Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers (1976)
brasiliensis are available. I have examined listed it as a valid species and synony-
one partial and three complete adult apterae mized C. variabilis with it. Thereafter it
labeled (cid:8220)(cid:8216)on Cocos nucifera L., Campinas, was treated as a valid species by Black-
Brazil, 18-VIII-1942, H. EK G. Sauer.(cid:8217)(cid:8217) The man and Eastop (1985), Enobakhare
specimens have large cephalic horns, 72(cid:8212) (1986), Enobakhare and Osisanya (1986)
84 w long, wax glands around the body and Noordam (1991). Remaudiére and
margin except at the cephalic horns; cor- Autrique (1985), and Remaudiére, Martin
nicles rather near the body margin, each and Eastop (1987) noted that palmae can-
with two to four setae 12-16 wp long. Two not be identified from its description and
specimens have four and two have five seg- that the name is a nomen dubium. Synty-
mented antennae. pes of palmae are available, however, and
In the two specimens with four segment- its identity can be determined.
442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 3, 4. Cerataphis palmae, \ectotype. 3, Head and prothorax: antennae 4 segmented; 1 pair of spines each
with tuberculate base, 2 pairs of setae each with slightly tuberculate base, proximad of antennae. 4, Body outline.
Many years ago I received Aleurocanthus permission to retain specimens for study. I
palmae for identification in a parcel of al- corresponded with Hille Ris Lambers about
eyrodids collected in Congo belge. I rec- the species and expected to publish on it at
ognized palmae as an aphid and was given that time but did not do so.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 443
Ghesquiére (1934) stated that Aleurocan- other Palms with a range extending from
thus palmae was widespread at Kasai and Africa to Fiji. The most conspicuous char-
Sankuru [Congo belge] on Raphia vinifera acter is the enormous variability of the aleu-
and that it had been observed on Elaeis rodiform apterae, first mentioned by Van
growing near Raphia. Syntypes of Cerata- der Goot.
phis palmae are labeled (cid:8220)(cid:8216)on Raphia vinif- (cid:8216)(cid:8220)(cid:8220)The species differs from the two pre-
era, Kole (Sankuru), II 1928, J. Ghesqui- ceding ones [C. lataniae and C. orchidear-
ére(cid:8217)(cid:8217) or (cid:8220)(cid:8220)Kole (Sankuru) or Kasai.(cid:8217)(cid:8217) No ma- um] by the presence of dagger-shaped hairs
terial is labeled as being on Elaeis. I have on stout bases on the underside of the head
studied this material and have concluded in apterae. Two extreme forms of apterae
that the specimens are conspecific with C. occur, one much like those of C. orchi-
brasiliensis and that palmae is a synonym dearum (Westwood), and one more like a
of brasiliensis. normal aphid, with wax-glands present on
Syntypes of C. palmae are ovoid, 1.10(cid:8212) only the last abdominal tergite, the front
1.50 mm long by 0.95(cid:8212)1.25 wide and are with very small horns or only with 2(cid:8212)4
nearly uniform in structure. The cephalic (more lateral) tubercles, each bearing a dag-
horns are large and protrude from the ven- ger-shaped, thorny spine.(cid:8221)
tral margin; wax glands may extend Hille Ris Lambers (1953) added to the
around the entire body margin or may be description in a key: (cid:8220)(cid:8216)Front with or without
absent at the cephalic horns; antennae are horns, but, in addition to normal hairs, al-
four segmented; of the three pairs of ways with 1-3 pairs of short dagger- or
spines or setae proximad of the antennae, club-shaped hairs on the underside near the
the posterior ones are stout and short or antennal bases. At least one pair of these
slightly longer, the middle and anterior se- hairs placed on blunt tubercles.(cid:8221)
tae usually are elongate and rather slender Hille Ris Lambers did not designate a ho-
or the middle pair may be short but more lotype or give detailed collection data but
slender than the posterior pair. The distal this information is available on slides. I
rostral segment is two-thirds the length of have studied syntypes on two slides labeled
second hind tarsus. *(cid:8220)Cerataphis variabilis nov. spec. Java, Pal-
I have labeled a mounted adult aptera maceae, Bondowoso 300 m., 13-[X-1948, EF
as lectotype of Cerataphis palmae (Ghes- W. Rappard 62.(cid:8221)(cid:8217) One slide has four adult
quiere) and the remaining mounted and apterae and eight nymphs and is marked
unmounted specimens paralectotpes. The (cid:8220)Lectotype(cid:8221) with arrows pointing to a
Slides are labelled (cid:8220)(cid:8216)on Raphia vinifera, nearly normal specimen. The other slide has
Kole (Sankuru), Congo belge, II-1928, J. six adult apterae and five nymphs and is
Ghesquieére.(cid:8221)(cid:8217) Three paralectotype slides labeled (cid:8220)(cid:8216)Cotypes, Det. D.H.R.L.(cid:8221)(cid:8217) I have
are being kept for the US National Mu- also studied syntypes on a slide with three
seum of Natural History (USNM) Collec- adult apterae labeled (cid:8220)(cid:8216)Cerataphis variabilis
tion, Beltsville, Maryland. The lectotype nov. spec., N.Java, Pl. Palmaceae, Loc. Ka-
slide, 21 paralectotype slides and all un- libendo, Date 29-XI-(cid:8217)48, Leg. EF W. Rap-
mounted material will be returned to Mu- pard 94.(cid:8221) I have designated the specimen
sée Royal de |(cid:8217) Afrique Centrale, Tervur- selected by Hille Ris Lambers as the lec-
en, Belgium. totype of C. variabilis and the other adult
apterae as paralectotypes.
Cerataphis variabilis Hille Ris Lambers
Syntypes of C. variabilis are extremely
(Figs. 5, 6)
variable as indicated by Hille Ris Lambers
Regarding C. variabilis, Hille Ris Lam- and by Noordam (1991) who redescribed
bers (1953) wrote, (cid:8220)(cid:8216)This insect would seem syntypes as C. palmae.
to be the common Cerataphis on Cocos and In the lectotype of C. variabilis the an-
444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 5, 6. Cerataphis variabilis. 5, Paralectotype, head and prothorax: antennae 5 segmented; horns near
rostrum, very small; a pair of slender setae laterad of horns, a pair of spines near, and a pair on body margin,
each with tuberculate base; marginal wax glands absent except on tergum VIII. 6, Lectotype, body outline,
structures nearly normal.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 445
tennae are five segmented, the posterior Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers (1976)
characteristic spines are short and stout listed C. fransseni as a valid species.
with strongly tuberculate bases while the Noordam (1991) examined types and ad-
middle and anterior setae are elongate and ditional specimens of C. fransseni from
fairly slender with weakly tuberculate Styrax, described adult and the first instar
bases; the marginal wax glands are inter- larvae of alatae, and adult, first and two
rupted briefly on the abdomen. In the lec- forms of second instar larvae of apterae.
totype and syntypes I have examined, the Although Noordam treated C. fransseni as
cephalic horns are much smaller than in a valid species, after discussing the simi-
topotypes of C. brasiliensis and syntypes larity of nymphs of fransseni with those
of C. palmae; they range downward in of C. palmae, he stated (cid:8220)... it is likely
size from moderate to very small, are ab- that C. fransseni is a synonym of C. pal-
sent from one syntype, and in another mae.(cid:8221)
syntype are near the rostrum with both Stern, Aoki and Kurosu (1995) studied
horns small and one slender, curved and the life cycle and general biology of C.
barely visible. The marginal wax glands fransseni and successfully transferred
form an almost complete band in some specimens from Styrax to palm where
specimens, are interrupted or absent from (cid:8220)Ist instar nymphs were found feeding on
sections of the margin, especially sections the undersides of the leaves.... Several
of the abdomen, and are totally lacking of these larvae became apterous adults
except for the eighth tergum in one spec- with a typical Cerataphis morphology.(cid:8221)
imen; the antennae are four segmented in These authors identified the specimens as
two, and five segmented in 11 apterae; the C. variabilis and indicated that it and C.
three pairs of characteristic spines nor- palmae were synonyms of C. fransseni.
mally present proximad of the antennae They examined paratypes of C. variabilis
exhibit different locations, shapes and and data for some of them are the same
sizes, with one pair on the margin of the as for paratypes I received from Hille Ris
head and two pairs just posterior to them Lambers.
in One specimen. The distal rostal segment From available information it seems
is two-thirds the length of second hind tar- certain that C. palmae, C. variabilis and
sus. C. fransseni represent one species whose
These syntypes are diverse but I believe correct name, I believe, is C. brasiliensis.
they are within the range of brasiliensis, This name predates fransseni by 32 years.
and that variabilis is a synonym of the older
name. Cerataphis fransseni (Hille Ris Lam-
SPECIES OF CERATAPHIS FOUND ON
bers)
PALMS OR ORCHIDS
Hille Ris Lambers (1933) described As-
tegopteryx fransseni from Styrax benzoin Cerataphis formosana Takahashi
Dryand, Buitenzorg, Java, indicating that (1924) was described from Cocos sp.,
the insects were from (cid:8220)a gall, which occurs Kararu, Koshan, Formosa; later he (1931)
in the axil of a leaf.(cid:8217) He described alatae, included the name in a key. The species
apterae, first and second instars from the apparently has not been rediscovered. In
galls but wrote that he could not examine 1975 Tao wrote me that he did not find
the embreyos within the body of the alata. types in collections in Taiwan and had not
He (1953) placed fransseni in Cerataphis, collected the species. Takahashi (1924,
stating that living migrants from the gall of 1931) gave a distinguishing characteristic
A. fransseni (cid:8220)(cid:8216)showed that they produce for the species, stating that the cephalic
typical Cerataphis larvae.(cid:8221) horns were (cid:8220)nearly fingerlike in shape,
446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 7, 8. Cerataphis orchidearum. 7, Head and prothorax: antennae 5(cid:8217) segmented; 3 pairs of slender setae
proximad of antennae. 8, body outline.
with the apex rounded, almost as long as KEY TO ADULT APTERAE OF CERATAPHIS
the 2nd antennal joint.(cid:8221) SPECIES LIVING ON PALMS AND ORCHIDS
The other species on palms, C. bras-
iliensis and C. lataniae, and C. orchidear- 1 Cephalic horns finger-shaped, apices rounded.
: : ee : On Cocos sp., Taiwan ..... formosana Takahashi
um on orchids, have a wide distribution on 4 :
: : : (cid:8212) Cephalic horns usually somewhat triangular,
their respective hosts a greenhouses and apices usually pointed but sometimes blunt or
possibly out-of-doors in tropical and sub- rarely absent
tropical regions. 2. With one, two or three pairs of short, stout
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 447
Figs. 9, 10. Cerataphis lataniae. 9, Head and prothorax: antennae 4 segmented; 3 pairs of slender setae
proximad of antennae. 10, Body outline.
spines with strongly tuberculate bases proxi- wax glands present around entire margin, ab-
mad of antennae; characteristic spines and se- sent at cephalic horns or elsewhere or rarely
tae variable in size, shape and location, usually absent except on tergum VII] ..........
a posterior pair of stout spines on strongly tu- ET a cee REN Sdn. Le Weeds brasiliensis (Hempel)
berculate bases, a slender anterior pair of setae Without stout spines with strongly tuberculate
on flat or weakly tuberculate bases and a mid- bases but with three pairs of elongate, slender
dle pair similar to either the posterior or ante- setae with flat or slightly raised bases proximad
rior pairs; cephalic horns large, extending well Ofsantennacs, MOLOMe hes AO er, eels
beyond body margin, or small and extending . Usually large, subcircular insects 1.50 mm
cephalad, laterad or caudad or rarely absent; long by 1.25 wide (range 1(cid:8212)1.75 long by 0.90(cid:8212)
448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1.50 wide); antennae usually 5 but sometimes of the world(cid:8217)s aphids. W. Junk, The Hague, 573
4 segmented; distal rostral segment about equal PP.
to second hind tarsus; cauda usually with 12(cid:8212) Embleton, A. L. 1903. Cerataphis lataniae, a peculiar
14 (range 10-17) setae; subgenital plate with aphid. Journal of the Linnean Society London Zo-
18(cid:8212)24 setae posteriorly; on orchids ology 29: 90-107.
bob aoe ee eee orchidearum (Westwood) Enobakhare, D. A. 1986. Abundance and variation of
(cid:8212) Usually small, ovoid insects 1 mm long by a natural population of Cerataphis palmae (Ghes-
0.70 wide (range 1-1.35 long by 0.70-1.10 quiére) (= variabilis H.R.L.) (Homoptera: Pem-
wide); antennae usually 4 but sometimes 5 seg- phigidae) on Raphia hookeri Mann & Wendl. In-
mented; distal rostral segment two-thirds to
sect Science Application 7: 791-794.
three-fourths length of second hind tarsus; cau-
and E. O. Osisanya. 1986. Studies on the bi-
da usually with 8-10 (range 7(cid:8212)12) setae; su-
ology of the palm aphid, Cerataphis palmae
bgenital plate with 7-14 setae posteriorly; on
(Ghesquiére) (= Cerataphis variabilis Hille Ris
palms: Beegee acae te eta lataniae (Boisduval)
Lambers) (Homoptera: Pemphigidae) on Raphia
hookeri(cid:8212)Il. Insect Science Application 7: 795(cid:8212)
802.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ghesquiére, J. 1934. Hémipteres nuisibles aux végé-
I am greatly indebted to several persons taux du Congo belge, pp. 3(cid:8212)41. In Mayné, R. et
for the loan of specimens, P. Basilewsky J. Ghesquiére, eds., Annales Gembloux (Bru-
and G. Schmitz, Musée Royal de I(cid:8217) Afrique xelles) 40th annee. (XV I.(cid:8212)Famille des aleurodi-
des, pp. 29-31.)
Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium, for syntypes
1947. Hormaphididae, pp. 175-180; Aleu-
of Cerataphis palmae, and the late D. Hille
rocanthus, pp. 177, 282. In Lepesme, P., ed., Les
Ris Lambers, Bennekom, Netherlands and
insectes des palmiers. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 903
C. E Smith, North Carolina State Univer- Pp.
sity, Raleigh, for syntypes of Cerataphis Hempel, A. 1901. A preliminary report on some new
variabilis. Brazilian Hemiptera. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History (7)8: 383-391.
I am grateful to several curators in Brazil,
Hille Ris Lambers, D. 1933. On the species of Aste-
especially H. Reinhart, Sao Paulo, for
gopteryx Karsh from Styrax Benzoin Dryand. Mis-
searching for syntypes of Cerataphis bras- cellanea Zoologica Sumatrana 76: 1(cid:8212)4.
iliensis, and C. C. Tao, formerly of the Tai- . 1953. Notes on aphids from Cocos nucifera.
wan Agricultural Institute, Taipei who Fiji Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Jour-
searched for types of C. formosana and at- nal 24(3(cid:8212)4): 93-95.
Holman, J. 1974. Los afidos de Cuba. Instituto Cu-
tempted to collect the species in Taiwan.
bano Libro. La Habana, 303 pp.
I thank C. EF Smith, Raleigh, J. A. Da-
Moreira, C. 1925. Pulgoes do Brasil. Ministerio Agri-
vidson, University of Maryland, College
cultura Industria Commercio, Instituto Biologico
Park, and S. Nakahara, M. E. Schauff and Defesa Agricola Boletim 2: 1-35.
M. B. Stoetzel, Systematic Entomology Noordam, D. 1991. Hormaphidinae from Java (Ho-
moptera: Aphididae). Zoologische Verhandelin-
Laboratory, PSI, ARS, USDA, Beltsville,
gen. National Naturhistorisch Museum, Leiden,
Maryland, for reviewing the manuscript,
523 pp.
and M. B. Stoetzel for photographing the
Remaudiére, G. and A. Autrique. 1985. Contribution a
insects.
Vecologie des aphides Africains. Etude FAO Pro-
duction Vegetale Protection Plantes 64, 214 pp. (2.
LITERATURE CITED Ecologie des aphides du Burundi, pp. 11(cid:8212)75.)
Blackman, R. L. and V. FE Eastop. 1985. Aphids on , J. H. Martin, and V. FE Eastop. 1987. Le statut
the world(cid:8217)s crops: An identification guide. John de Cerataphis variabilis Hille Ris Lambers, 1953
Wiley & Sons, New York, 466 pp. (Homoptera, Aphididae). Annales Société Ento-
Boisduval, J. 1867. Essai sur l(cid:8217)entomologie horticole. mologique France (new series) 23(1): 109-110.
Paris, XVI + 648 pp. (Coccus? lataniae, pp. 355(cid:8212) Risbec, J. 1942. Observations sur les insectes des
357.) plantations en Nouvelle-Caledonie. Paris, 128 pp.
Bondar, G. 1926. Relatorios sobre diversas culturas. Schouteden, H. 1906. Catalogue de aphides de Bel-
Boletim Laboratorio Pathologia Vegetal 3 (1925): gique. Memoires Societé Entomologie Belgique
1-97. (Aphidideos Brasileiros, pp. 91(cid:8212)93.) 12: 189-246.
Eastop, V. FE and D. Hille Ris Lambers. 1976. Survey Stern, D. L., S. Aoki, and D. U. Kurosu. 1995. The