Norway’s Peace Policy: Soft Power in a Turbulent World PDF
Preview Norway’s Peace Policy: Soft Power in a Turbulent World
Norway’s Peace Policy TTThhhiiisss pppaaagggeee iiinnnttteeennntttiiiooonnnaaallllllyyy llleeefffttt bbblllaaannnkkk Norway’s Peace Policy Soft Power in a Turbulent World James Larry Taulbee, Ann Kelleher, and Peter C. Grosvenor NORWAY’S PEACE POLICY Copyright © James Larry Taulbee, Ann Kelleher, and Peter C. Grosvenor, 2014. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-48199-3 All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-50299-8 ISBN 978-1-137-42919-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137429193 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kelleher, Ann. Norway’s peace policy : soft power in a turbulent world / by Ann Kelleher, James Larry Taulbee, Peter C. Grosvenor. pages cm. 1. Norway—Foreign relations—1945– 2. Reconciliation. 3. Peace. I. Taulbee, James Larry, 1942– II. Grosvenor, Peter C. III. Title. DL458.K45 2014 327.481009(cid:25)04—dc23 2014024781 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2014 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Preface ix 1 Lesser States and Niche Diplomacy 1 James Larry Taulbee 2 The Peace Engagement of a Peace Culture: Observations on the National Identity Foundations of Norwegian Foreign Policy 23 Peter Grosvenor 3 Norway’s Approach to Achieving Peace: Structure and Agency 49 Ann Kelleher 4 Parallel Peace Processes in Achieving Sudan’s CPA 75 Ann Kelleher 5 Sri Lanka: A Bridge Too Far? 105 James Larry Taulbee 6 Successful Local Peacebuilding in Macedonia 139 Ann Kelleher and Kelly Ryan 7 Contributions and Challenges 163 James Larry Taulbee and Ann Kelleher Notes 187 Bibliopgraphy 225 Index 241 TTThhhiiisss pppaaagggeee iiinnnttteeennntttiiiooonnnaaallllllyyy llleeefffttt bbblllaaannnkkk Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 International structure 13 3.1 Diagram of Norway’s agency in the context of its identity, domestic structure, and the structure of the international system 62 Tables 5.1 Population by ethnicity 113 5.2 Phases of civil war in Sri Lanka 117 6.1 Numbers of learners in integrated bilingual classes 149 TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Preface Considering history, the dilemma that Oscar Hammerstein has the King of Siam ponder in The King and I, captures the essence of choice for medium and small powers: Shall I join with other nations in alliance? If allies are weak, am I not best alone? If allies are strong with power to protect me, Might they not protect me out of all I own?1 Although this dilemma does not accurately describe contemporary choices in terms of alliance, it highlights a dilemma faced by lesser powers when they cooperate with strong ones: will their own policies, perceptions, and interests become overpowered as events play out? Two thirds of sovereign states in the contemporary international system qualify as less developed or “small” in terms of population or land area, or both. As the number of states has grown post-1945, scholars have, from time to time, sought to examine the roles small and middle powers might play, presuming that their behavior would not be that of “great powers writ smaller.”2 Although contemporary international relations texts often have extensive discussion of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), these analyses have not produced any major insights into state behavior that have compelled authors of international relations text- books to include similar sections on small- or middle-power behavior as being important for understanding contemporary international politics. If any of these states have left a discernible and distinct footprint at any point, it may be noted in passing, or appear as a footnote. In this book we do not seek to show that others have been mistaken about the role lesser powers play in the system. Indeed, as noted in Chapter 1, we accept Robert Keohane’s categorization of states with
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