Northern Religions and Shamanism

236 Pages·1992·26.157 MB·English

by  Mihály Hoppál, Juha Pentikäinen

ETHNOLOGUIRCAAL ICA
3
ETHNOLOGUIRCAAL ICA
Editors
MihH6O1PyP AI. andJ uhPaE NTIKAINEN
Ethnographlcal InstituUtnei veorsfi tHye lsinki
·Hungarian·o fSA ciencacesdemy DepartmoeCofnm tp araRtievlei gion
Budapest Helsinki
EditoCroimamli ttee
LouBisieck ma-Sn� olm
CariCorraad l-Mu-sBolognla
Ismail -GNeomvuoseivb irsk
Galina G-SrachtPe.ev tae rsburg
LauHrio n-kTou rku
AkHeu ltkr-aSnttzoc kholm
L6sKzelresz6t e-sD ebre•ce· ·n
Lars-GunLnaarsrs- oUnp psala
NikoKloanya -kSoyktyvkavr
AbhMaalu ry-aN ew Delhi
P6tDeorm ok-Bousd apest
TarioO baya-Tsokyoh i
OttvooS na dovszky -LoAnsg eles
YuriSyi rnchen-kMoo skva
Aleksandr Teryuk-oSvt P.e tersburg
Urpo Ven-tHoe lsinki
AntsV ii-resT allin
VilmoVso i-gBtu dapest
ManaWbaui dEad m-onton
ETHNOLOGICUARA UCA ani nternapetionriodailca lfo rU ralic
studiiesne thnologfyo,l klore
anmdy thology
Accepteadb breviEaUtiRo n:
NORTHERRENL IGIONS
ANDS HAMANISM
Editebdy
MihalHoppya /
and
JuhPae ntlkalnen
Budapest
Akad6mKilaaid 6
Helsinki
FinnLiisthe rSaotcuireet y
1992
Covpeirc twuerretesa kfreonm
JohanSncehse ffeLraupsp'o (n1l6c7a3 ).
ISSOH5-N7 408
ISB9N57 1177232
ISB96N3 0 5139 83
199©2 M.H oppaanlJd . P entlk(aEldnietno rs)
Typography by PP Editors,L td.B udapest
Printed by Akaprlnt,L tdB.uda pest
9220641
NORTHERRENL IGIONS
ANDS HAMANISM
TheR egioCnoanlfe renocfte h len ternaUonal
AssociathtieoH ni sotfoo fRry e ligions
SelePcatpeersd
CONTENTS
LiosfPt a rticipa.n t.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v.i .i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introductionb yJ .Pe ntlkl/.ne n. . . . . . . . . . . . .I x. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part1 M-ythR,e llgalnoSdnoc ,i ety
Napolskikh,V V.. P:r oto-UWrortda lPiictcu reA:R econstruction . . . . . . . . . . . 3
BerthaA,.M :y tahnd R ealIintt heAy n cieCnutl toufther eNot1hem Peoples . . .2 1. .
NapolskVlV.kh. ,T:h eU ralBiacck groundt oan U dmuSrta afflce:
An AtteamtRp ete dMythologiingca l Texts. ...............2.6. ..
AnttonenV,.T :h eC oncoefp' tp yhl'(sacredi)nP re-ChrisFtiiannn Rielsihg ion. ..3 1
LovisIz.S,:a cred LanguaangeSd e a-eStpeech . . . . . . . . . 3.9 . . . . . . . . .
NagIyH.,u: n gaCrrieaanLt eigone nd.s . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iyi/nsI,V. . ':T ikliths'eFi olnkB elioefthefs K omlP eople . . . . . .. .... 50 . . . .
BerthaE,.P :e asaEncott ypeosfF olkR eligi.on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
CzllveJk,. D:e aatnhEd t hni.ci t.y . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UtrlalnenT.,:T hSee manotiftcs h Doeu ble BIunriaK a alr elFiuaneranl R it.e . 6.7 .
HelvHe.R,:e ligAitotuistV uadleueassnd,, Wortd Views:
AS tuadmyo nCgo ntemporYaouryn gF in.n.s. ............7.3. ..
HanseHn.G, . P:r esenWto-rlddavyai meownW ge sGreenlatnd lc Inu.i t. . . 8.5 . . .
Maries-DaueNn.-h Ra.Du aeure,n hSapiurietr:Aspectsu al ofT liOrantoryg it. . .90 .
BlaLck.R,:u ssOirtahnod oIxynAl ask.a. .................1.00. ..
ZachrlsIs.Co:an n, Grave Cbeu Tsatkomoesvn er b yO ne Ethnic Group
from Another..?. ...........................1.08. .
EmitEs.,T:he P urposaend C onteonft Ptehtrogel ypIhnths eO negRaeg ion. .1 .1 5
Part2 S-hamanism
Corradi-MuCsi.S,:u pernatHueraroels I nF l�UgrlSch amani.s.m. .....1.2 7
Hamyons,R .G:a maen d Games, aFortundDun alei sImnS iberiaSnha manism . 134
HultkrantAz,.A :spect so fS aami(L ap)Sp haman.i.s.m. .........1.38. .
Saladdi'Anng lureB,.R :e thinIkniuSnihgta manTihsrmou tghhCe once pto f
'ThGierdn de.l' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hop�I.M. P:a iinnS hamaInniicti a.t.i.on. .................1.5.1
KhrushcheBvs.T,:ra ceso fS hamanIithensm U dmuErtth nTirca di.ti on. . 1.58 . .
Polttila,B .T:h Ce osmologyo fF innSihsahm anFiolskPti oectr y. ........1.66
KatjalMa.,As: pects oft hOteh eWro rtidnI riFsolhTk r adi.t. i o.n . . . 1.7 6. . . .
MacJk.,S: h ettaFnidn n--meInn terpretoafStions h aman.i.s.m.?. ....1.8.1
SommarstrOm, B.S:h amaniasnmPd a ranormal PercepItn. ion
theS aami Tra.d.i.ti.o.n. ....................... .1.88
HameSr.,D- W.. W. Tryon:P sychoi mmunoogllcaElff ectosf
Shamanic D.ru.m.m.i.n.g. ..................1.96. ...
Nameen Sdu jbectI ndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IAH1R9 90
REGIONCAOLN FERENONCC EI RCUMPOLAR
ANDN ORTHERRENL IGION
HelslFniknllM,aa ny1d 3-,1 199,9 0
LISOTFP ARTICIPANTS
AfonlLnaa,r (iUsaS SR) GouletJ,e an-(GCuayn ada)
AlpJientmenl, (USSA) GrlslundAn,ne-So fie (Sweden)
AnttonVeeni,k( kFoi nland) HamayoRno,be rt(eF rance)
AtknlVnl,k( tUorS SR) HansKleanu,(s D enmark)
AusteRrloibetzrt(, U SA) HameSra,n d(rUaS A)
BaiL,a( nC hina) HelssWlagl,th (eGre rmany)
BarmicMh.,Y( aU.S SR) Helssig-Scheer, Annemarie (Germany)
BarthaAn,t a(lH ungary) HelmsP,ed er( Denmark)
Bartha, El(eHku ngary) HelmsS,a r(aD enmark)
Bickman, Loui(seS weden) Helve, He(lenaF inland)
BlezupL,a u(raU .K.) Hoppt\lM,i h(l\Hluyn gary)
Bladt, Lydi(aU SA) Horwitz, Jonath(aDenn mark)
Boyko, Vladi(mUiSrS R) Hultkrantz,Ake(Sweden)
Bula1Noadvadaj,a (USSR) HuttunHeann,n u-(PFeikkan land)
BulgakTov(.aU ,SS R) HuuskonMean�,(u Fti nland)
Cohen,Al a(n U.K.) llylnal,re (nU SSR)
DauenhNaorau er(,U SA) InoueK,oi ch(lJ apan)
DauenhaRuicharde r(,U SA) lrlmoto,T akashl( Japan)
Oour1ey,John(Canada) JohanseTnor,e( Norway)
Orobin,U l(fS weden) JunnonahoM,a rtt!( Finland)
Drozdov, N.( USSR) Jlrvinenl,rma- Ril(tFtian land)
Drozdova, L(.U SSR) KarjalaM,a tt(iF inland)
EnglW,u ( China) Kim,T ae-gon (Korea)
EmitEsm(, E stonia) KlelvIanng,e (Denmark)
Geertz,Arm in( Denmark) KoivMaa, re( Estonia)
GemueIvs,m( aUiSlS R) KonakovN,l k(olUaSlS R)
Gerasimova, Di(nUaS SR) KoskarevNaa,t a(lUjSaS R)
GIibeRrolg(f,D enmark) KovgaJne,le (naU SSR)
GlrfanovAlabi,na ( USSR) LaitiTleauvo(, F inland)
viii
LldegMaaadrd(s,De nmark) Saladdi'nAn glBernaurdre , (Canada)
Lovlilsrz(6,Hn u ngary) SapoL,ea ( Finland)
LundmBaor( kS,w eden) SarmelMaa,t( tiF inland)
MacJka,n (eI reland) Sa,vM,i k(kE stonia)
MarkkuHlaarr(,iF inland) SelisaaErv,(e E stonia)
MastromRaotmtaenoi ,( Italy) SemenoVvl,k tor (USSR)
MerilaAinnne(enFl,il n land) SeppAnJeounk,(o F inland)
MousalimSa.sA(,.U .K)
ShestJaulvoavn, (USSR)
MulIkn,g a-(MSawriead en)
Sjoblom, Tom( Finland)
MullIenrg,(ri Dde nmark)
SkribnJielke,n( aU SSR)
MundEallse,( Norway)
SommarstrOm, Bo( Sweden)
NagIyl,o (nHau ngary)
SorokinaI,ri n(aU SSR)
NasstrBormi,t t(-SMwaerdie n)
StraNdorberte ,( Denmark)
Nesanelis(,U SDSiRm)i tri
SuprunV,l adimir (USSR)
NlkklPleart,(t Fli nland)
Tamsi-JoeAnisn(uoFu i,n land)
ObayaTsahryi(o,J apan)
Ta�Mrli.r1 (aH ungary)
OgiharSah,i n(kJoa pan)
TeryukAo.v(I,U. S SR)
PapeJro,rd a(nC anada)
TvengsPbeer(rgN ,orw ay)
Pellikk(aF,i nllsamnod )
UtriaiTneerh(niF, i nland)
PentikJiuihn(aeF ni,n land)
VaikmIave(a,Er s tonia)
PesoneHne,i (kFkiin land)
VeresP,� t(eHru ngary)
PetersReonbe,rt( Denmark)
VlluEojhaa(, E stonia)
PolttBirli(atF,ai nland)
Pye, Michael (Germany) VorrenO,m ul(vN orway)
RaudvEelrlee rstrom, Wada,K an( Poland)
Catharina (Sweden) WeidaK,y ok(oC anada)
SaaErd,g (aErs tonia) WeidMaa,n a(buC anada)
Saastamoliln(poeF ni,n land) Z8chri880n,I nger( Sweden)
SadovsOztktvyoo, (n U SA) ZollEal,e m(iIrtea ly)
Introduction
NorthePrne opletsh FeoI cnu osfR ellgSltouudsi es
By
JubaP entlkllnen
TheB ackgrofo tuhnSedt uCdonfeyre nce
Thedecision toorg anizeth isreg ional study conference on Northern Religwasion made
bythe GeneAraslse mbloyfth eI nternationaAssociationl forthe Hstoryi of ReligiIonns
Sydn,Ae uystraIln1i 985a.,I nteresetinngo ugtheh ,Asse mbly othef I.A.oHn.i Rtsfirs. t
vlts"ol thetU nknownSou thern Territory" ,ca lledth eAntipode s Tore rreA ustralia lncognlta
bythe writerso fth eAn tiquityi,nd icatIedtswi s hto become orientedwith the problems
of another unknownl anTdhe.focu s ofth is conference lIathen north where the mythical
Tenah ypert,on,a lncognlte,"The UnknownTerritory Inthe North", habeesn located.
Therece nt deelopmev nto nou rg lobeh assh ownt hattheAsse mbly madea wi9e
decisionI.nt hecou rse ofthe pasfitve y eathers ,ecolog icalpol,i tical andcu ltuprarobllem s
ofthe North havbecoeme the Issues of currenti nteareslovertl thewon d.One conaete
manifestation is thereport of theBru ndtland Commissionwhich considers the pollution
ofthe Arctic environmeonen to fthe biggest ttv'eats leaditngoa poesl bleeoocatastrophe
inothfi ng Idonse .
TheArcti c Ocean Iexperienceds asa ki ndo fthe Mediterranean Seao fou re raO.n
one handi,it ones of thes tiulnlu sedresou rces ofou rp labunetta sa na turala rea either
alreadywou nded or very hurtablaesf aars the ecolog icabla laoncen ou rg lobe Is
concerned. Onthe other, ihta sbee n thestrateg icm ilibaset arywith greapolti tical
lntefests. The question ofi tsa rmament or disarmamenntucl.e aorr not'HIUdear zones
belong tothe k elyu uesI nprese ntdlanytematlonal politics.
One ofth emo strece ntm anifestoafthet icuorrennstN orthern trend Isthe formation
ofth enew internationbodayl calltedh Arctice StatesI.cont si stso fthe eighcoutn tries
hangvi theC ircumpol • Zone insidiets bord ers: the USSRthe, U nitSedt aotfeAmerica s ,
Canada andth efive Nordic countries: Denmark,I celaNndorw,a y,Sweden and Finland.
The IAH.R. CSontferenceud y InH elsi1n990k iI sone ofth ef inlt sotfeth ipss
cooperation which surely wilpromotel themutual understandingof theprobl ems oft he
Northboth insidea ndou tside theS tatesArctic.
X
Thia conferen0e hasbee n made poaalble by the IOffllc9001 support of theGovem ment
ofF inlwhainchhad s bee n allocatthedrou ghth eM iniostryfE ducatTihoilnafora. the
second timewh en the regionsatlu codyn feroetfncehe d istingiunitsehedrn asocitioentya l
ofth e scholarsof religlionaasrra ngeidFn i nlTahndfirse.t co nferedncee alwiingthth e
methodology ofthe dlaciplwalsnaucceas ef ullyheld In Tiur1<1.In1 97T3ha.proceed ings
were publishIedthn e hugvoleu me othef lmpo,tantjou rnal of ourd iscipliRneelig,ion end
Reason.
Inth eh latofy ofthe IAH.thRi.confes,rence wilremali n thefirs tg reateerncou nter
between the scholars orelfi gionfrom theE aasntWd ea lI wats I n the AsseGemnerablly
ofthe I.A.IHn1. 9R7I.5Ln a ncastPerorfM,.i chaPelye a ndm ysweelrefg ivaes npecial
duttyo p romotIen ternationcoanlt actsbe tweenW estaenrnEd a stscholearnrs .I Itnows
timeto dlscuataogether althleprob lemso fArctic RefigLieonut.scong ratulautstoe
havtheis speci alopportu nity tjoo tiodna iytn h coinsfe re'nItcenh S ep iorfHi etl sinki'.
Thiialssso a h istmeeoriticangl oft hdei stinguacaidsehmeirdce presenoftth aet ives
Nofthem Peoplethemselsv es andth eschol ars interIetnsh teveiadrl a uneredsl igions.
Thearretwoe histroriecaalson tsoa rranthgese t ucondfeyr enIceHn e lsIin1n 990k.i
Thecon fereInsace pa rto fth ea cademipcr ogroaftm he 3 50tha nnivefsary ofthe
UniveorsfHi etlysfo iunndedk ib,yP etBerarhe I n1 640.
Thes tucodnyf ereancel soco incidweistt hh20th e annlvefsary ofthe chaiarn d
Department ofCo mparatRievlei egsitoanbl,ai tths ehU endi veorsfHi etyl sIin1n 9k7i0 .
EveInni nternatcoimopnaarilsoth ni,ds e partmheanastu niqlunet erfaculpositiont y
because ittse acahnesdrst udreepnresetsn ttwo schools. They oarer become either
candidaltlecesn,c ori doctaorst eoafh umanori dtiievsi nity.
Thet opoithfce con ferenIceNs o rthaendrnC ircumpolaRre liIgcoutiold n a.l hsoa ve
been writteinnt hpel uforarml,i accordan nce witthh vea luaartibcllwrittenee byP rof.
AkeH ultkrthea nhonoratzry, member otfheO rganiCzomamtiiotnfort eet,hProgra em
Bookleto thfi consf erence":Arctic anCdi rcumpolRaelri gions". wriA.t eHmasun,ltkray n tz
overlappingh acovbeenence putseds I thni cosn teexvteI nns cienltiitfieract ure.
'ArctIisdc e'ri vfrome dth eG reworde k arlctos meanthoisnge geog raphicaaln d
mythicarelg ionsw ewhrsieuch p posed tobe situuantdteehdrse t aorsft hGer eBeaatr .
Inb ioscientcehsconcei,ps t haosft en beetnog eutswiheted'hr S ubaarndcI thtia cs' ,
referrteocd e rtacliinm abottiacna,ind cz oologicalci rcumstantceypsio caflth eArctic
environHmuegnBhtr sod.ey m phasthiathtze ebi sol ogyo fth eN ortihbos t hri chearn d
more dependoenn tt he colhda usths aunabee lnIl ttyh ouIgArctnhi tc.ci rcumstances
everythiiresnl ga tteoed v erythinsgu cathneo x ttehnatt drawibetweenng borderlines
ecological,soci alcu,l tuorra rle ligious ipashl ewnaaoysrme tniafi cial.
Withth ecliars smiycatlh olaognmidodca elm e cologicaconln otatthiecono cenpst ofs
Arctic anSdu baracreqt uiivcta elt iooldsI n rellglo-scieInncutifl lct ustaraunlda iesl ysis.
thaeryve e urys ebecafuuls et haelyrso e tfaoecert ra ilni sfteylwh ei cIhfs ou nIdsn i milar
ecological circumstwahnecethorse n ro tth ey arwiet hltiocahnCte ie rcudm polazron e.
Ilttha e npos sibfloree ,x amtposl paea,ak bou tca .7 0Arc ticucl tuorerpeops l ess haring
the hardostfhh iArcept sici cr cumstoannth ceegs l obe.
'Circumpoldaoesr' n onte cessamreialenyxs a cthtlesay me tha'nArcti c'II.tcls ea rly
relattedoth eP olRaegri oanndsth ea resausrro undingI itthvs ee mryu. se fIuncom­l
parative studiipneh se,n omenologyo refl igion particularty.
'Northeorncof'u ,rse ,i asg eographicocanlce pItcln.a ssliicatlera mythologyt ure, and
folklore isti mhplays meanetx o'thtoeitc Ouh tesr'i:'d ueas n''d ou sarfe hemisphere'
there iasd iffelreannitthnd e m ythicaNlo rtIhnr. e cednitscu ssifono,er x amipnthl ee
SovietU nionorthernn , Identityh abecomes extremiemlportayn ftor ' narodov se\19raI'n
theirco mmon battlfeor.th eiecorno micpo,l itisocicaall, and cultuFraorgle ttirnigg,h ts.