North American Journal of Aquaculture

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Pumping Performance of a Slow-Rotating Paddlewheel
for Split-Pond Aquaculture Systems
Travis W. Brown a & Craig S. Tucker a
a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Warmwater
Aquaculture Center, Post Office Box 38, Stoneville, Mississippi, 38776, USA
Version of record first published: 23 Jan 2013.
To cite this article: Travis W. Brown & Craig S. Tucker (2013): Pumping Performance of a Slow-Rotating Paddlewheel for Split-
Pond Aquaculture Systems, North American Journal of Aquaculture, 75:2, 153-158
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2012.743935
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NorthAmericanJournalofAquaculture75:153–158,2013
AmericanFisheriesSociety2013
ISSN:1522-2055print/1548-8454online
DOI:10.1080/15222055.2012.743935
TECHNICALNOTE
Pumping Performance of a Slow-Rotating Paddlewheel
for Split-Pond Aquaculture Systems
TravisW.BrownandCraigS.Tucker*
U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,AgriculturalResearchService,NationalWarmwaterAquacultureCenter,
PostOfficeBox38,Stoneville,Mississippi38776,USA
3
1
0 culturesystem(PAS)developedatClemsonUniversity(Brune
2
y Abstract etal.2003,2004).
r
ua Commercial catfish farmers are intensifying production by ThePASphysicallyseparatespond-fishcultureintodistinct
ebr retrofitting ponds with variations of the partitioned aquaculture physical, chemical, and biological processes, which are then
F system.Thesplit-pondsystemisthemostcommonvariationused
8 commercially.Thesplit-pondconsistsofasmallfish-holdingbasin linked by a homogenous water velocity field maintained by
2
7 connectedtoawastetreatmentlagoonbytwoconduits.Wateris highlyefficient,slow-rotatingpaddlewheels(SRPs).Inpractice,
4
9: circulated between the two basins to remove fish waste and pro- thePASisanoutdoor,photoautotrophicrecirculatingaquacul-
at 1 vreidseeaorcxhygheansatbeedenwdateevrotteodthtoeafilsgha-lhaonlddinfigshbpasriond.uActltiohnoudgyhnammuicchs ture system that combines the fish management advantages of
] high-densityracewayculturewiththeenhancedwastetreatment
ries itniovnairsiaatvioanilsaobflethoenpbaratsiitcioennegdinaeqeuraincugltcuornesisdyesrteamtio,nlisttlfeorindfoervmicaes- andoxygenproductionofhigh-ratealgaloxidationditches.De-
e
h to circulate water in these systems. This study evaluated perfor- spite impressive catfish production in pilot-scale facilities, the
s
Fi mancecharacteristicsforaslow-rotatingpaddlewheelpumpthat PAShasnotbeenwidelyadoptedforcommercialcatfishfarm-
Of looked at the relationships among power input, rotational speed ing,perhapsbecauseoriginaldesignsrequirednewfacilitycon-
nt (circular tip velocity), water velocity, and water flow rate. Rota- structionandintensivemanagementoversight.
e tionalspeedsof1.0,2.0,3.0,and4.0rpmwereevaluatedinopen
m TwomodificationsofthePAS—in-pondracewaysandsplit-
rt channelsandinchannelswithfishbarriers.Measuredpowerinput
pa wasgreaterthanthecalculatedpowerinputforallfourrotational ponds—usetheoriginalPASconceptandapplyittocommercial
De speeds andranged from0.11 to1.80hp.Water flow rate ranged settings by using existing earthen ponds as starting points for
y [ from 4,548–19,330 gal/min and water discharge per unit power construction.In-pondracewaysconsistofmultiplefishculture
b inputdecreaseddramaticallyasrotationalspeedincreased.Instal-
d raceways constructed inside a pond in which water is circu-
e lationoffishbarriersdecreasedchannelopenareaandtheresulting
d lated between the raceways and the pond using SRPs, large
a frictionallossesreducedwaterflowrates.Resultsfromthisstudy
nlo provide initial pump performance data for designing split-pond airlift pumps, or both (Brown et al. 2011; Brune et al. 2012;
w aquaculturesystems. Masser 2012). Split-ponds are constructed by dividing an ex-
o
D isting catfish pond into two unequal basins with an earthen
levee.Thesmallerofthetwobasins(usuallyabout15–20%of
U.S. fish farmers produced 699 million lb of Channel Cat- total water area) holds fish, and the larger basin (the lagoon)
fishIctaluruspunctatusandhybridcatfish(ChannelCatfish × treatsfishwasteandproducesmuchoftheoxygenforthesys-
Blue Catfish I. furcatus) in 2003, representing more than half temthroughphotosynthesis.Wateriscirculatedbetweenthela-
oftotalU.S.aquacultureproduction(USDA2004).Since2003, goonandfish-holdingbasinusinghigh-volumepumps(Tucker
catfishproductionhasdeclinedbyapproximately50%asaresult and Kingsbury 2010; Brune et al. 2012). Aquaculture perfor-
ofhighfeedcosts,competitionfromlower-pricedimports,and mance at pilot and commercial scales has been impressive in
economicallyattractiveland-usealternativesforfarmers(USDA in-pond raceways and split-ponds, with net annual production
2012).Inanefforttoremaincompetitiveinthefaceofadverse (based on the total water area) ranging from 15,000 to more
economic conditions, some catfish farmers have started using than22,000lb/acre.Presently,thesplit-pondsystemisthemost
intensive,outdoorculturesystemsbasedonthepartitionedaqua- commonlyusedPASvariantincommercialcatfishfarming,with
*Correspondingauthor:[email protected]
ReceivedSeptember6,2012;acceptedOctober19,2012
153
154 BROWNANDTUCKER
morethan1,300acresofpondsinuseinMississippi,Arkansas, ships among power requirement, pump speed, flow rate, and
andAlabama. other operational characteristics. Performance data are abun-
Thetwocriticaldesignparametersforsplit-pondsarewater dant for most pump types, but no information is available for
flow rate between the two basins and the amount of aeration theSRPpumpsusedinsplit-ponds.Suchinformationisneeded
required in the fish-holding area (Brune et al. 2012). During ascommercializationofthesplit-pondconceptincreases.This
daylightandearlyevening, oxygenated waterfromthelagoon study therefore determined performance characteristics for a
is pumped through the fish-holding basin and return flow to SRPpumpthatexaminedtherelationshipsamongpowerinput,
thelagoonremovesfishmetabolicwastes.Atnight,whendis- rotationalspeed(circulartipvelocity),watervelocity,andwater
solvedoxygenconcentrationsdecreaseinthelagoon,circulation flowrate.
betweenthetwobasinsceasesandoxygenisprovidedbyme- Animportantaspectofsplit-pondoperationispreventingfish
chanical aerators in the fish-holding area. No attempt is made fromescapingthefishholdingareabyusingscreensorbarriers
to manage dissolved oxygen in the lagoon. In practice, pump across the two conduits connecting the fish-holding basin and
andaeratoroperationarecontrolledbyoxygensensorslocated the lagoon. Fish barriers reduce channel cross-sectional area
inbothsectionsofthesplit-pond. andrestrictwaterflowtosomedegreedependingonthetypeof
Split-pond aeration requirements are calculated by deter- screenandopeningsize.Therefore,wealsoevaluatedchanges
mining the amount of aerator oxygen transfer needed to meet in water flow caused by two different types of fish barriers in
13 fish respiratory demands. Other sources and sinks of oxygen, theopenchannels.
0
2 such as free water-surface diffusion and plankton and benthic
y
r metabolismareassumedtobeinsignificantatthehighloading
rua ratesforfishbiomassinthefish-holdingarea.ChannelCatfish METHODS
b Thisstudywasconductedin2012attheThadCochranNa-
e respiratory rates can be calculated from projected maximum
F
8 fish biomass, average fish size, and water temperature using tionalWarmwaterAquacultureCenter,Stoneville,Mississippi.
7 2 theequationdevelopedbyBoydetal.(1978).Standardoxygen The split-pond system (Figure 1) consisted of a fish-holding
9:4 transfer rates are available for several commonly used catfish basin(0.15acre,4.9ftaveragewaterdepth),awaste-treatment
1 lagoon(0.55acre,3.0ftaveragewaterdepth),twoopenchan-
at pondaerators(BoydandAhmad1987;Boyd1998),whichcan
s] thenbecorrectedtofieldconditions(BoydandWatten1989)to nels connecting the two basins, and one SRP pump. Channels
e had concrete foundations and cinder-block walls. The channel
ri determineaerationrequirements.
Of Fishe oxyPguemnpreinqguirraetmeeesnttismaarteesmaertedbuarsinedgodnaytlhieghatssaunmdpetairolnytehvaetnfiinsgh fithhatetdeodathwteoirttahclhtawhneanlSelRlhwPeiagpshu1tm0o.p3fw6ft.a0lsofn1tg6a.×n1dft1a0lno.0nagvftew×raigd1ee0.w.B3aofttethrwcdihdeapen,thnaenoldsf
byoxygeninwaterpumpedintothefish-holdingareafromthe
nt approximately4.0ft.Nofishwerepresentinthesystemduring
e lagoon(Bruneetal.2012).Asimplemassbalanceisusedtocal-
m thisstudy.
art culateflowrate(volume/time)bydividingfishrespiratoryrate The SRP pump was constructed from six sections of mild-
p (oxygen mass / time) by the minimum desired dissolved oxy-
e steelplate(10ftlong × 4ftwide × 0.02ftthick),whichwere
D genconcentration(oxygenmass/volume).Requiredwaterflow
[
y varieswithtimeasfishgrowandwatertemperaturechanges.
b
d Pumps used in the original PAS moved water continuously
e
ad throughout the system and through fish-holding cells. Large
o
nl SRPswereidentifiedasthemostefficientandreliablemethod
w
o ofpumpinglargewatervolumesagainstlowhead.Paddlewheel
D
pumpsinthePASoperateinopenchannelsandhaverelatively
shallow wetted depths (1.5 ft). Because of the shallow wetted
depth,relativelylongpaddlesareneededtoobtainthehighwater
flow rates required in the PAS (for example, the required flow
rateina2.0-acrePASisapproximately24,000gal/min).Long,
shallow paddles cannot be used in split-ponds because water
conduits(openchannelsorculverts)betweenthelagoonandthe
fish-holdingareamustbeasnarrowaspossibletoreducecosts
andtoallowbridgesorotherconnectionstocrosstheconduitso
thatfeedtrucks,grassmowers,andotherfarmequipmenthave
access across the levee. Accordingly, the paddlewheel pumps
usedincurrentsplit-pondshavegreaterwetteddepth(3.7ft)to
reduceconduitwidthwhilemaintaininghighwaterflows.
FIGURE 1. The split-pond aquaculture system with slow-rotating paddle-
The design of any system using pumped fluids relies on
wheel(onleft),concretesluicewaychannels,fishculturebasin(foreground),
performancedatatodeterminethebestpumptypeandrelation- andwastetreatmentlagoon(background).[Figureavailableincoloronline.]
TECHNICALNOTE 155
evenlydistributedandweldedtoa0.72-ft-diametercentralhub. GP10E1ST32005,FortMyers,Florida),designatedasvariable
Acentralshaft(0.25ftdiameter)wasfabricatedfromcold-rolled frequency drive, was installed to allow control of the paddle-
steel and supported on double-row, spherical roller bearings wheelrotationalspeed.
(Link-Belt,Indianapolis,Indiana).Thecentralshaftattachedto Theactualpowersuppliedtotheelectricmotorwasobtained
thehub,whichwasdesignatedasthehubassembly.Correctshaft directlyfromthevariablefrequencydrive.Powerinputismost
diameter was estimated using the following equation (Oberg important from an economic standpoint and therefore was the
etal.2008): powercriterionusedinthisstudy.Thus,noattemptwasmadeto
(cid:2) determinepowerapplieddirectlytotheSRPshaft.Theestimated
38P powerrequiredformaintainingflowinchannelsisduetofriction
D=3 ,
headlossandwasestimatedusingequationspresentedbyBrune
N
etal.(2004).Thechannelslopecanbecalculatedbyusingthe
where D is the diameter of the shaft in inches, P is the power Manningequation:
transmitted in horsepower (hp), and N is the angular velocity (cid:3) (cid:4)
oftheshaftinrevolutionsperminute(rpm).Struts(0.83ft × (V)(n) 2
Channelslope=S= ,
0.02 ft, mild-steel plate sections) were welded in between the (1.49)(R)23
paddles every 3.3 ft. The paddlewheel with hub assembly and
3
1 supportshadanoveralldiameterof8.71ftandweighedapprox- where S is the difference in water level between the front and
0
2 imately 4,413 lb (Figure 2). Clearance between the bottom of back of the SRP (ft/ft), V is the water velocity (ft/s), n is the
y
ar thechannelandtheoutermostpart(tip)ofthepaddlesandouter Manning’scoefficient(0.02),andRistheaveragewaterdepth
u
r channelwallandthesidesofthepaddlesoftheSRPpumpwere oftheSRP(ft).Thechannelslopewasthenusedtodetermine
b
Fe 0.30ftand0.17ft,respectively. therequiredhead:
28 TheSRPpumpwaspoweredbya5.0-hp,three-phaseelectric
47 motor(Blador,FortSmith,Arizona)thathadaratedrotational (cid:2)Hf =L×S,
9: speed of 1,750 rpm. The motor was attached to an enclosed
1
s] at greedaurcderdivseh(aNftosrdpeGedeabryCaorfpaocrtaotrioonf,5W0a:1u.nAaknee8,4W-toisoctohnsspinro)cthkeatt twhheecreha(cid:2)nnHeflilsenthgethpr(eftd)i.cAtedddfirtiioctniaolnafrlicwtiaotenrhheeaaddlloosssswanads aLlsios
e
eri was attached to the output end of the gear drive, and a roller calculatedby,
h
s chain (80H) connected the sprocket of the gear drive to a 20-
Fi
Of toothsprocket(1:4.2)ofthecentralshaftofasecondgeardrive. (cid:2)Hb =V2/2g,
nt The second gear drive (Falk, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) further
e reduced shaft speed by a factor of 25:1. The combination of where(cid:2)H isthefrictionheadduetobendsandgistheaccel-
m b
rt motor,geardrives,andsprocketswithchainproducedapaddle- eration due to gravity. The total head loss was then calculated
a
p wheelrotationalspeedofapproximately2.94rpmat30Hz.A foreachdesiredvelocityby,
e
D
generalpurposeopen-loopvectorACdrive(Saftronics,model
[
by (cid:2)HT =(cid:2)Hf +(cid:2)Hb,
d
e
ad where (cid:2)H is the total required head that must be met across
o T
nl the paddle of the SRP in order to achieve the desired velocity
w
o through the channel. The estimated power required to achieve
D
thedesiredheadwasthencalculatedby,
((cid:2)H )(F)(W)
hp= T
33,000(E)
whereFisthewaterflowrate(gal/min),Wisthespecificweight
of water (8.34 lb/ft3), and E is the estimated pumping effi-
ciency (50%). Net torque (ft-lb) was estimated by multiplying
the wetted paddlewheel surface area (36.6 ft2) by half the dis-
tance of the wetted area to the shaft (2.53 ft) by the force of
the water pressure (lb/ft2) acting on the paddle, as determined
by(cid:2)H .
T
Rotational speeds (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 rpm) of the SRP
FIGURE2. Theslow-rotatingpaddlewheelusedtocirculatewaterinasplit- pump were verified using a stopwatch and average water
pondaquaculturesystem.[Figureavailableincoloronline.] velocitywasdeterminedforeachrotationalspeedusingacurrent
156 BROWNANDTUCKER
meter(GeneralOceanics,model2035MKIV,Miami,Florida). greaves(2004)calculatedawaterflowofapproximately10,000
Five points were selected at equal distances across the open gal/minfora10-hppaddlewheelaerator(1,000gal·min−1·hp−1
channel of the inflow side to the fish culture basin and mea- at full load). Brown and Torrans (unpublished) designed and
surements (n = 1,800) were made at 20, 50, and 80% of wa- fabricatedanairlift,U-tube-typeaeratorwithawaterdischarge
ter depth—a combination of two methods recommended by of 5,550–8,882 gal/min or 1,526–896 gal·min−1·hp−1. A hori-
Bankston and Baker (1995). Average water velocity was mul- zontal axial-flow water circulator designed by Howerton et al.
tipliedbythewidthofthechannelandaveragewaterdepthto (1994) had a maximum discharge rate per unit of power in-
determinewaterflowrate. put of approximately 18,000 gal·min−1·hp−1, which is com-
Watervelocitywasmeasuredwithandwithoutfishbarriersin parable to the results we observed at 3.0 rpm with the SRP
theopenchannelstodeterminechangesinwaterflowcausedby pump.
frictionaswaterflowedthroughthescreens.Onesetofbarriers When rotational speed of the SRP was accelerated, water
(one for each channel) was constructed from polymer-coated velocityandflowrateincreased(Figure4).Channelwaterve-
steel-meshwire(0.08ft×0.08ftopenings)mountedtoasquare locityrangedfrom0.26to1.09ft/swithintherotationalspeeds
aluminumtubingframe(0.10ft2,wallthicknessof0.01ft).The tested. However, there was a dramatic decrease in water dis-
secondsetofbarrierstestedusedthesamealuminumframeas chargeperunitpowerinput(gal·min−1·hp−1)asrotationalspeed
thefirstbarriertype,butthemeshmaterialwasexpandedmetal increased. For example, at 1.0 rpm the water discharge per
3 with0.02ft × 0.08ftopenings. unit power input was 40,729 gal·min−1·hp−1 compared with
1
20 10,749gal·min−1·hp−1at4.0rpm.Bruneetal.(2012)alsofound
y
r that slow-speed paddlewheels required excessive power input
rua RESULTSANDDISCUSSION at higher water velocities (approximately 0.50 ft/s or greater).
eb Waterflowrateatthefourrotationalspeedsof1.0,2.0,3.0, Howerton et al. (1994) observed a decrease in circulator effi-
F
8 and4.0rpmrangedfrom4,548to19,330gal/minwithamea- ciency withincreased discharge rates usinga horizontal axial-
2
7 suredpowerinputof0.11–1.80hp(Figure3).Measuredpower flow water circulator. In addition, water velocity had a direct
4
9: input was greater than the estimated power requirement at all linearrelationshiptocirculartipvelocity(Figure5).Thesere-
at 1 water flow rates. This was probably due to mechanical losses sultsagreewiththemodelbyDrapcho(1993):
] associated with the gear drives and the sprocket and chain as-
s
rie sembly.Bruneetal.(2004)estimatedapowerrequirementofap- V =0.6224V,
he proximately0.5hptomatchawaterflowrateof23,578gal/min w t
Fis (47,156gal·min−1·hp−1)inaPAS.However,hesuggestedthat
Of the design should be selected for a “worst case” situation and whereVwiswatervelocityandVtiscirculatortipvelocity.
nt correctedformechanicallosses. The amount of power required to circulate water in a split-
me TheSRPisanefficientpumprelativetootherdevicesused pond with a SRP pump depends on the maximum water flow
art forhorizontalwatercirculationinaquaculture.TuckerandHar- raterequiredbythesystem,whichisafunctionofpaddlewheel
p
e
D
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
FIGURE 3. Measured power input and estimated power input to circulate FIGURE4. Waterdischargeperunitpowerinputandchannelwatervelocityin
waterwithaslow-rotatingpaddlewheelinasplit-pondaquaculturesystem.All relationtorotationalspeedofaslow-rotatingpaddlewheel(SRP)inasplit-pond
valuesareforopenchannels. aquaculturesystem.
TECHNICALNOTE 157
3
01 FIGURE6. Resultingwaterflowrateatdifferentrotationalspeedsofaslow-
ry 2 FIGURE5. Relationshipofwatervelocityandcirculartipvelocityofaslow- rmoetasthinwgirpeafidsdhlebwarhreieerls((SPRCPS)MuWsin)g,oorpeexnpacnhdaendnmelesta(OlfiCs)h,bpaorlryiemrser(EcMoa)teindstsatleleeld-
a
ru rotatingpaddlewheel(SRP)inasplit-pondaquaculturesystem.Allvaluesare inasplit-pondaquaculturesystem.
b foropenchannels.
e
F
8 basedondifferencesinmeshopenareainthesteel-meshwire
7 2 size and rotational speed. Because SRPs operate for long pe- and expanded metal. The polymer-coated steel-mesh wire has
4 riods in the split-pond (12–18 h/d during midsummer), design
9: about 80% open area whereas the expanded metal has about
1 should account for the decreased pumping efficiency as rota-
s] at tional speed increases. That is, SRP pumps should be sized 5th8e%opoepnensuarrfeaac.eTarheeaforafmtheeochfathnenefilsbhybaaprprireorxsimfuarttheleyr1re1s%tr.icTtehde
e to achieve targeted flow rates using rotational speeds of 1.0–
ri totalcross-sectionalareaoftheopenchannelwas39.6ft2,and
she 2.0 rpm rather than attempting to use an undersized device at thecombinationofframeandbarriermaterialreducedtheopen
Of Fi vpearrytichuilgahr ruontiattiionncarelasspeededtos.rqEuleev(aTteadblero1ta)t.ioFniealldspoebesderfvoartitohniss psuorlfyamceera-rceoaatteod2s8te.0elf-tm2e(s7h1%wiroefatnhdetoop2e0n.4chfta2n(n5e2l%aroefat)hfeoorptehne
nt indicatethattheSRPpumpwetestedshouldnotoperateabove
e channelarea)forexpandedmetal.Thoughnotreported,Brown
m 2.0 rpm for extended periods of time to minimize the likeli-
part hoodofpaddlewheelcavitation,shafttorquesurge,andreduced eatftaelr.i(n2s0t1al1l)inogbssemrvaellderremdeusched(0w.0a4terftflo×w0in.0i8n-fpt)onfidshrabcaerwriaeyrss
e operational life. In addition, correct design of SRPs should be
D beforestockingfish.
y [ takenintoconsiderationtoreducethepossibilityofmechanical Fishbarriersshouldbeinstalledinthesluicewayofthechan-
d b failure. nels with a maximum mesh size to minimize the reduction in
ade The presence of fish barriers reduced water flow, and flow water flow caused by frictionallosses associated with reduced
o reductionsincreasedasSRProtationalspeed(watervelocity)in-
nl open area in the channel. Biofouling or fouling with grass or
w creased(Figure6).Fishbarriersconstructedofpolymer-coated
o other debris will further reduce open channel area. Flow re-
D steel-meshwirereducedwaterflowratelessthanbarrierscon-
ductionsandlaborneededforcleaningthefishbarrierscanbe
structed out of expanded metal. For example, at 4.0 rpm, flow
reducedbyusingscreenswithlargeopenareastoremovelarger
rate was reduced from 19,330 to 17,320 gal/min for channels
debrisbeforewaterflowsthroughthefishbarriers.Varioustypes
withpolymer-coatedsteel-meshwireandto14,847gal/minfor
ofbarscreenshavebeendevelopedforuseattheheadworksof
channelswithexpandedmetalbarriers.Thistrendwasexpected
wastewatertreatmentplantstoprefilterthewastestreambefore
it enters the treatment plant (Vesilind 2003). Similar devices
TABLE 1. Totalrequiredhead((cid:2)HT)andresultingnettorqueontheshaft should be developed for split-ponds to collect floating debris,
of a slow-rotating paddlewheel at different rotational speeds in a split-pond
whichwouldallowforeasiermaintenanceoffishbarriers.
aquaculturesystem.
Insummary,SRPpumpsoperatedat1.0–2.0rpmarehighly
Rotationalspeed(rpm) (cid:2)HT(ft) Torque(ft-lb) efficient, although efficiency decreases dramatically as rota-
tionalspeedincreases.TheSRPthatwetested,witharotational
1.0 0.003 17
speed of 1.0 rpm, will move approximately 4,500 gal/min at
2.0 0.014 78
anannualoperatingexpenseofUS$30.24at$0.12/kW-h.This
3.0 0.030 171
flowratewillsupportapproximately23,000lbofcatfishaccord-
4.0 0.054 313
ing to the simple mass balance described in the Introduction.
158 BROWNANDTUCKER
Information in this study can be used to design SRP pumps Boyd,C.E.,andB.J.Watten.1989.Aerationsystemsinaquaculture.Reviews
for split-ponds and to adjust water flows throughout the sea- inAquaticSciences1:425–472.
sonbyusingvariable-speedmotorstochangerotationalspeed Brown, T. W., J. A. Chappell, and C. E. Boyd. 2011. A commercial-scale,
in-pondracewaysystemforictaluridcatfishproduction.AquaculturalEngi-
and flow rates in response to fish growth. Future work should
neering44:72–79.
addressdirect-drivesystemsforSRPpumps,whichshouldim-
Brune,D.E.,G.Schwartz,A.G.Eversole,J.A.Collier,andT.E.Schwedler.
provemechanicalefficiencyandincreaseoperationallife.Stud- 2003.Intensificationofpondaquacultureandhighratephotosyntheticsys-
iesthatfocusonchannelwidth,rotationalspeedoftheSRP,and tems.AquaculturalEngineering28:65–86.
associatedwaterflowrateasitrelatestopowerinputwouldalso Brune,D.E.,G.Schwartz,A.G.Eversole,J.A.Collier,andT.E.Schwedler.
2004.Partitionedaquaculturesystems.Pages561–584inC.S.Tuckerand
beuseful.
J.A.Hargreaves,editors.BiologyandcultureofChannelCatfish.Elsevier,
NewYork.
Brune, D. E., C. Tucker, M. Massingill, and J. Chappell. 2012. Partitioned
aquaculture systems. Pages 308–340 in J. H. Tidwell, editor. Aquaculture
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
productionsystems.Wiley-BlackwellScientificPublications,Ames,Iowa.
We thank all those who have taken the time to critically Drapcho, C. M. 1993. Modeling of algal productivity and diel oxygen pro-
reviewthismanuscriptaswellasthosewhoassistedwithfund- filesinthepartitionedaquaculturesystem.Doctoraldissertation.Clemson
University,Clemson,SouthCarolina.
ing to support this research. James Santucci and Billy Rut-
Howerton,R.D.,C.E.Boyd,andB.J.Watten.1994.Designandperformance
3 landdesignedandfabricatedtheSRPpumpusedinthisstudy ofahorizontal,axial-flowwatercirculator.JournalofAppliedAquaculture
1
0 andtheirassistancethroughoutthestudyisgratefullyacknowl- 3:163–184.
2
y edged.Mentionoftradenamesorcommercialproductsinthis Masser,M.P.2012.In-pondraceways.Pages387–393inJ.H.Tidwell,editor.
r
ua publicationissolelyforthepurposeofprovidingspecificinfor- Aquaculture production systems. Wiley-Blackwell Scientific Publications,
br mationanddoesnotimplyrecommendationorendorsementby Ames,Iowa.
Fe Oberg, E., F. D. Jones, H. L. Horton, and H. H. Ryffel. 2008. Machinery’s
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Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Landlocked
Fall Chinook Salmon Eggs from Lake Oahe, South
Dakota
David J. Bergmann a , Alicia Brakke a & Michael E. Barnes b
a Department of Science, Black Hills State University, 1100 University Boulevard, Spearfish,
South Dakota, 57799, USA
b McNenny State Fish Hatchery, South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks, 19619 Trout Loop,
Spearfish, South Dakota, 57783, USA
Version of record first published: 07 Feb 2013.
To cite this article: David J. Bergmann , Alicia Brakke & Michael E. Barnes (2013): Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from
Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Eggs from Lake Oahe, South Dakota, North American Journal of Aquaculture, 75:2, 159-163
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2012.756439
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NorthAmericanJournalofAquaculture75:159–163,2013
(cid:2)C AmericanFisheriesSociety2013
ISSN:1522-2055print/1548-8454online
DOI:10.1080/15222055.2012.756439
COMMUNICATION
Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Landlocked Fall
Chinook Salmon Eggs from Lake Oahe, South Dakota
DavidJ.BergmannandAliciaBrakke
DepartmentofScience,BlackHillsStateUniversity,1100UniversityBoulevard,Spearfish,
SouthDakota57799,USA
MichaelE.Barnes*
McNennyStateFishHatchery,SouthDakotaGame,Fish,andParks,19619TroutLoop,Spearfish,
3 SouthDakota57783,USA
1
0
2
y
r
a
u
r
b
e
F ity. However, the experimental inoculation of Rainbow Trout
8
2 Abstract O. mykiss eggs with F. columnare did not result in increased
3
5 BacteriawereisolatedfromtheeggsoflandlockedfallChinook eggmortality(Barnesetal.2009).Hence,itislikelythatbac-
1: Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha prior to initial placement in
2 teria other than F. columnare may be involved in prehatching
at vertical-flow incubations trays 4 h after spawning and also 27 d mortalityofsalmonideggs.
] laterattheearlyeyedeggstageofdevelopment.Bacterialdensi-
es tiesontheeggsafteriodophordisinfectionandjustbeforebeing The objective of this study was to conduct a brief survey
ri
e placedintrayswereverylow,andmostisolatesweregram-positive, ofculturablebacteriaassociatedwiththehatchery-rearedeggs
h
f Fis ncuobnafetiromnednatiyng27coecxccie.eIdnecdon1tr×as1t0,7baCcFteUr/ieaglgdeannsditiweseroendeogmgsinaattiend- ogfenCerhainaonodksSpeaclmieosnprienseonrtd.eSrpteociiedsenotfifbyacttheeriamkonstowconmtomobne
O
by slow-growing, gram-negative coccobacilli. Pseudomonas spp.,
nt as well as Flavobacterium (closely related to F. johnsoniae) were fishpathogens,orwhichproducedextracellularproteases,were
me alsopresent.MostPseudomonasandFlavobacteriumisolatespro- noted.
art ducedextracellularproteases,makingthemcandidatesforfurther
ep investigationintotheirpossiblecontributiontoeggmortality.
D
METHODS
[
y
b Eggs from landlocked fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Eggs were obtained from fall Chinook Salmon spawned
ed tshawytscha obtained from Lake Oahe, South Dakota, exhibit on October 18, 2010, at Whitlock Spawning and Imprint Sta-
d
a relatively poor survival during hatchery rearing (Barnes et al. tion, Lake Oahe, South Dakota. After fertilization and water
o
nl 2000). Although this mortality is probably due to a number hardening, eggs from several spawns were pooled and trans-
w
o of factors, bacteria isolated during egg incubation have been portedinlakewaterfor4htotheMcNennyStateFishHatch-
D
implicatedinthesedeathsinseveralstudies(Barnesetal.1997, ery, Spearfish, South Dakota. Immediately upon arrival at the
2003, 2005; Stephenson et al. 2003). Other researchers have McNenny hatchery, the eggs were disinfected in a 100-mg/L,
alsosuggestedthatbacteriamaynegativelyimpacteggsurvival buffered,free-iodinesolutionfor10minandrinsedthoroughly
(Sauter et al. 1987; Barker et al. 1989; Holcomb et al. 2005), inwellwater(totalhardnessasCaCO ,360mg/L;alkalinityas
3
althoughthisrelationshipisfarfromcertain(Barkeretal.1990; CaCO , 210 mg/L; pH, 7.6; total dissolved solids, 390 mg/L).
3
Omnesetal.1993).Softeggdisease,possiblycausedbybacteria Three samples, each containing 10 recently disinfected eggs,
(Wood1979;Erdahl1993),hasalsobeenobservedinLakeOahe wereplacedin50-mLconicaltubeswith30mLofsterile0.8%
ChinookSalmon(Barnesetal.2003). NaClandvortexedvigorouslyfor5min.Three0.25-mLaliquots
Flavobacteriumcolumnare,abacteriumthatsecretesextra- of each dilution of the resulting suspension of bacteria were
cellular proteases and is pathogenic to fish, was isolated from platedoutonagarmediawith40µg/mLcycloheximide:either
eggs of Lake Oahe Chinook Salmon by Barnes et al. (2005), R2A agar (Reasoner and Geldreich 1985) or Cytophaga agar
suggesting that this species may be implicated in egg mortal- (Daskalov et al. 1999) amended with 0.5 g of D(+)-glucose
*Correspondingauthor:[email protected]
ReceivedJuly8,2012;acceptedNovember29,2012
159
160 BERGMANNETAL.
TABLE 1. Mean(SE)CFUpereggoflandlockedfallChinookSalmonsampledeitheronthedayofspawningorafter27dofincubationandplatedononeof
twotypesofagarwith40µg/mLcycloheximide.Forthe27-dsamples,CFUofsmall(<2.0mm),yellow,slow-growingcoloniesandallothercolonymorphotypes
arelistedseparately.
Dayspostspawn Agar Colonytype Mean(SE)CFU/egg
0 R2A All 7.5×101(4.43×101)
0 Cytophaga All 2.5×101(8.66×100)
27 R2A Small,round,yellow 1.51×107(4.82×106)
27 R2A Alllarger 5.73×105(7.81×104)
27 Cytophaga Small,round,yellow 1.70×107(5.07×106)
27 Cytophaga Alllarger 5.10×105(1.46×105)
and 0.5 g skim milk. Plates were incubated for 6 d, and 30 DNA extracted, 16S rRNA genes amplified by PCR with uni-
randomlyselectedbacterialcoloniesweretransferredtoslants versal bacterial primers, and the PCR products sequenced at
of R2A agar and characterized according to colony morphol- the Center for Conservation of Biological Resources at Black
3 ogy,gram-staining(Konemanetal.1997),cellmorphology,the Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota, as described
01 presence of catalase, presence of cytochrome oxidase, growth by Barnes et al. (2010). The 16S rDNA sequences were ana-
2
y andfermentationofglucoseinHughandLeifson’soxidation– lyzed using the Classifier program (Wang et al. 2007) of the
r
a fermentationmedia,hydrolysisofcaseininmilkagar,hydrolysis Ribosomal Database Project (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/) and by
u
r
b ofstarch,andgrowth,motility,H Sproduction,andindolepro- the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) at National
e 2
8 F duction in sulfide-indole- motility (SIM) media (Collins et al. Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (Altschul et al.
2 1995;MacFaddin2000). 1990). The 16S rDNA sequences were deposited in GenBank
3
5 Afterremovaloftheinitialeggsamplesfromtheentirebatch underaccessionnumbersJX185730–JX185742.Slantcultures
1:
2 ofeggs,theremainingeggswereplacedinvertical-flowincuba- of 20 Flavobacterium isolates were also sent to Dr. Annemie
] at tors(Marisource,Fife,Washington)andrearedasdescribedby DecostereatGhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium,andtestedfor
s
e Barnes et al. (2005), receiving daily, 15-min, antifungal treat- hybridizationtooligonucleotideprobesforF.columnare.
ri
e mentsof1,667mg/Lformalin.After27d,threesamplesof10
h
s
Fi eggseachwereremovedandprocessedaspreviouslydescribed
Of to remove surface bacteria and were subsequently plated on RESULTS
nt R2AandCytophagaagar. Lownumbersofcolonies(0–20coloniesperplateofmedia)
e
m Fifty round, minute, yellow-colored colonies and 50 larger wereobservedwhensamplesofundiluted,vortexedsuspensions
art colonies were selected from R2A agar plates, and 20 irreg- offreshlyspawnedandiodine-disinfectedeggswereplatedout
p
e ular, low, spreading, yellow colonies were selected from Cy- on media (Table 1). Numbers of colonies on R2A agar were
D
y [ tophagaagarplatesandtransferredtoR2Aslants.Theseisolates somewhathigherthanonCytophagaagar.
d b werecharacterizedasdescribedpreviously.Representativeiso- Twenty-eightisolatesfromfreshlyspawnedeggswerechar-
de latesofeachoperationaltaxonomicunitwerechosen,genomic acterized further (Table 2). Eight isolates were gram-positive
a
o
nl
w TABLE 2. GroupsofbacterialisolatesfromfreshlyspawneddisinfectedeggsofChinookSalmonpriortohatcheryincubationbasedonsevenphenotypic
o
D characteristics (gram stain, cell shape, glucose oxidation, presence of oxidase and catalase, casein hydrolysis, and siderophores). Positive test responses are
indicatedby“+”,weaklypositiveresponsesby“w,”andnegativeresponsesareindicatedby“–”.Isolatesineachgrouparelistedinthelastcolumn.(a)0D:1–3,
6–8,13–17,20–23,26,33–48;(b)0D:4,5,9–11,18,19,24,25,27–32.
Number Casein
Isolate Phenotypic of Gram Glucose hydrolysis, Siderophores, Isolates
series group isolates stain Shape fermentation Catalase Oxidase milkagar milkagar ingroup
0D I 8 + Coccus − + + − − a
0D II 6 + Coccus − + + w − b
0D III 2 + Coccus + + + w − 8,22
0D IV 3 − Coccus − + + − − 7,11,12
0D V 2 − Rod − + + − − 4,16
0D VI 1 − Rod + + + + − 10
0D VII 1 + Rod + + + + − 3
0D VIII 1 + Rod − + + − − 6
0D IX 1 − Rod + − − − − 9