North American agroforestry

561 Pages·2022·168.913 MB·English

by  Shibu Jose (editor), H. E. Garrett (editor), Michael Alan Gold (editor)

North American Agroforestry
3rd Edition
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EDITORS Missouri; D. Evan Mercer, Southern Research Station,
Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold USDA Forest Service; Joshua J. Millspaugh, W.A.
Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of
Montana; John F. Munsell, College of Natural Resources
CONTRIBUTORS
and Environment, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
Janaki R. R. Alavalapati, School of Forestry and
University; Joseph N. Orefice, Forest & Agricultural
Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University; James A. Allen,
Operations, Yale University School of Forestry &
School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University;
Environmental Studies; Gabriel J. Pent, College of
Stephen H. Anderson, School of Natural Resources,
Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
University of Missouri; J. Arbuckle, Department of
and State University; P. K. Ramachandran Nair, School of
Sociology, Iowa State University; Carla Barbieri, College
Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida;
of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University;
Richard C. Schultz, College of Agriculture and Life
Gary Bentrup, USDA National Agroforestry Center,
Sciences, Iowa State University; Peter L. Schultz, Target,
Lincoln, Nebraska; Thomas W. Bonnot, School of Natural
Inc., Headquarters; John H. Schulz, School of Natural
Resources, University of Missouri; James R. Brandle,
Resources, University of Missouri; Steven H. Sharrow,
School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska;
Oregon State University; William W. Simpkins,
Dave Brauer, Conservation and Production Research
Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences,
Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service;
Iowa State University; Lorena Soto-Pinto, El Colegio
Louise E. Buck, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,
de LA Frontera Sur; Erik Stanek, Balzac Brothers &
Cornell University; Catherine J. Bukowski, Virginia
company, Charlston; Eugene Takle, Department of
Polytechnic Institute and State University; Dirk Burhans,
Agronomy, Iowa State University; Naresh V. Thevathasan,
U.S. Forest Service, University of Missouri; Zhen Cai,
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph;
School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri;
Ranjith P. Udawatta, School of Natural Resources,
Michaela M. “Ina” Cernusca, North Dakota State
University of Missouri; Corinne B. Valdivia, College of
University; J. L. Chamberlain, USDA Forest Service;
Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of
Terry R. Clason, Agricultural Center, Louisiana State
Missouri; W. D. “Dusty” Walter, College of Agriculture,
University; Brent R. W. Coleman, School of Environmental
Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri;
Sciences, University of Guelph; Dean Current, Center for
Eric E. Weber, School of Natural Resources, University of
Integrated Natural Resource and Agricultural Management,
Missouri; Kevin J. Wolz, Savannah Institute; Mario Yanez,
University of Minnesota; John Davis, Applied Ecology,
Overtown Foodworks Office, Inhabit Earth; Lisa Zabek,
North Carolina State University; Daniel C. Dey, U.S. Forest
Interior of British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture;
Service, University of Missouri; Stewart A. W. Diemont,
Xinhua Zhou, Campbell Scientific, Logan, Utah
College Environmental Science and Forestry, State
University of New York; J. H. Fike, School of Plant
EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE
Environmental Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
American Society of Agronomy
and State University; Cornelia B. Flora, Department of
Crop Science Society of America
Sociology, Iowa State University; Jie Gao, San Jose State
Soil Science Society of America
University; Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, School of Natural
5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711-5801, USA
Resources, University of Missouri; Larry D. Godsey,
Division of Business, Missouri Valley College;
SOCIETY PRESIDENTS
Michael A. Gold, School of Natural Resources, University
Jeffrey J, Volenec (ASA), P.V. Vara Prasad (CSSA), and
of Missouri; Andrew M. Gordon, School of Environmental
April L. Ulery (SSSA)
Sciences, University of Guelph; Stephen C. Grado,
College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University; SOCIETY EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Robert K. Grala, College of Forest Resources, Kathleen M. Yeater (ASA), C. Wayne Smith (CSSA), and
Mississippi State University; Hannah L. Hemmelgarn, Craig Rasmussen (SSSA)
School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri;
Eric J. Holzmueller, College of Agricultural Sciences, BOOK AND MULTIMEDIA PUBLISHING
Southern Illinois University; Thomas M. Isenhart, College COMMITTEE
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University; Girisha Ganjegunte, Chair
Guillermo Jimenez-Ferrer, El Colegio de LA Frontera Fugen Dou
Sur; Shibu Jose, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural David Fang
Resources, University of Missouri; Robert J. Kremer, Shuyu Liu
School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Gurpal Toor
James P. Lassoie, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,
Cornell University; Teng Teeh Lim, College of Agriculture, DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS
Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri; Matt Wascavage
Chung-Ho Lin, School of Natural Resources, University
of Missouri; Sarah T. Lovell, School of Natural Resources, BOOKS STAFF
University of Missouri; Robert L. McGraw, College of Richard Easby, Managing Editor
Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Pamm Kasper, Copy Editor
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North American Agroforestry
3rd Edition
Edited by
Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose,
and Michael A. Gold
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Copyright © 2022 American Society of Agronomy. All rights reserved.
Copublication by American Society of Agronomy and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Edition History
American Society of Agronomy, Inc. (1e, 2000 and 2e, 2009)
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
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The right of Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold to be
identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in
accordance with law.
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Editorial Correspondence:
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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Garrett, H. E., editor. | Jose, Shibu, editor. | Gold, Michael Alan,
editor. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher.
Title: North american agroforestry / edited by Harold E. “Gene” Garrett,
Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold.
Description: 3rd edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley [2022] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021052140 (print) | LCCN 2021052141 (ebook) | ISBN
9780891183778 (hardback) | ISBN 9780891183846 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9780891183839 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Agroforestry–United States. | Forest management–United
States.
Classification: LCC S494.5.A45 N69 2022 (print) | LCC S494.5.A45 (ebook)
| DDC 634.9/9–dc23/eng/20211028
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052140
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052141
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: Horticulture and Agroforestry Research Farm at the University of
Missouri College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources in New Franklin,
Missouri; © University of Missouri
Set in 9/11pt Palatino by Straive, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
SECTION I AGROFORESTRY FUNDAMENTALS 1
1 — Agroforestry as an Integrated, Multifunctional Land Use
Management Strategy 3
Shibu Jose, Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Michael A. Gold, James P. Lassoie,
Louise E. Buck, and Dean Current
2 — Agroforestry Nomenclature, Concepts and Practices 27
Michael A. Gold and Harold E. “Gene” Garrett
3 — An Agroecological Foundation for Temperate Agroforestry 43
Brent R. W. Coleman, Naresh V. Thevathasan, Andrew M. Gordon, and
P. K. Ramachandran Nair
4 — Tree–Crop Interactions in Temperate Agroforestry 67
Shibu Jose and Eric J. Holzmueller
SECTION II AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES 89
5 — Windbreak Practices 91
James R. Brandle, Eugene Takle, and Xinhua Zhou
6 — Silvopasture Practices 127
Gabriel J. Pent, J. H. Fike, Joseph N. Orefice, Steven H. Sharrow,
Dave Brauer, and Terry R. Clason
7 — Alley Cropping Practices 163
Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Kevin J. Wolz, W. D. “Dusty” Walter, Larry D. Godsey,
and Robert L. McGraw
8 — Riparian and Upland Buffer Practices 205
Richard C. Schultz, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Thomas M. Isenhart,
and William W. Simpkins
Illustrated by Peter L. Schultz, Roland, IA
9 — Forest Farming Practices 281
J. L. Chamberlain, John Davis, and John F. Munsell
v
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10 — Urban Food Forests and Community Agroforestry Systems 315
John F. Munsell, Catherine J. Bukowski, Mario Yanez, and James A. Allen
SECTION III AGROFORESTRY BENEFITS 337
11 — Vegetative Environmental Buffers for Air Quality Benefits 339
Chung-Ho Lin, Eric E. Weber, W. D. “Dusty” Walter, Teng Teeh Lim, and
Harold E. “Gene” Garrett
12 — Agroforestry for Soil Health 355
Ranjith P. Udawatta, Stephen H. Anderson, Robert J. Kremer, and
Harold E. “Gene” Garrett
13 — Managing for Wildlife in Agroforestry 387
Thomas W. Bonnot, Joshua J. Millspaugh, John H. Schulz, Dirk Burhans,
Daniel C. Dey, and W. D. “Dusty” Walter
14 — Agroforestry at the Landscape Level 417
Sarah T. Lovell, Gary Bentrup, and Erik Stanek
SECTION IV HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF AGROFORESTRY 437
15 — Agroforestry Product Markets and Marketing 439
Zhen Cai, Michael A. Gold, Michaela M. “Ina” Cernusca, and Larry D. Godsey
16 — Agroforestry Economics and Policy 469
Zhen Cai, Larry D. Godsey, D. Evan Mercer, Robert K. Grala, Stephen C. Grado, and
Janaki R. R. Alavalapati
17 — Human and Institutional Dimensions of Agroforestry 489
Corinne B. Valdivia, Michael A. Gold, Carla Barbieri, Jie Gao, and Cornelia B. Flora
18 — An Overview of Agroforestry and its Relevance
in the Mexican Context 521
Stewart A. W. Diemont, Lorena Soto-Pinto, and Guillermo Jimenez-Ferrer
19 — Agroforestry Education and Training 543
Hannah L. Hemmelgarn and Michael A. Gold
Index 555
vi
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Preface
Perhaps more so than at any time in the history of mankind, we are faced
with problems that threaten our very existence. Climate change, regard-
less of its cause, is resulting in unprecedented changes in events ranging
from dramatic shifts in world weather patterns and the consequences
thereof, to the melting of the earth’s glaciers and its ultimate effects on
world populations. Humanity has become a victim of its own success. We
have conquered the wilderness, and in our attempt to meet the needs of
the world’s ever- growing population, we have endangered many of the
ecosystem services upon which our livelihood depends. Our streams and
rivers are contaminated with sediment, nutrients and pesticides, mostly
products of our success in producing more food at cheaper prices, but
also from the privileges success brings such as subdivisions with luxuri-
ous lawns requiring large amounts of agrochemicals. Our oceans become
the final destination for these and other contaminants, and in combina-
tion with the warming of their waters, our oceans too are in a transition
towards endangered.
With today’s understanding of the consequences of current land- use sys-
tems, it is time for a new approach—a lternatives must be found. One
alternative that was quickly adopted in tropical regions in the 1970’s and
80’s but has been slower in gaining support in the temperate regions of
the world, is agroforestry. Agroforestry exploits the positive interactions
between trees and crops (including livestock) when they are carefully
designed and integrated, they bridge the gap between production agri-
culture and natural resource management. Supported by four decades of
research and demonstration agroforestry practices have been found to
provide environmentally and economically sound alternatives to many
of our unsustainable forestry and agricultural systems. While if offers
opportunities for small farms to regain their relevance and viability it
also provides humanity the opportunity to heal our planet by construc-
tively addressing climate change, improving the quality of our air, our
waters, and protecting and enhancing soil health.
The 3rd edition of North American Agroforestry-- An Integrated Science
and Practice (now shortened to North American Agroforestry) comes at a
critical time as the nations of the world debate the pros and cons of mak-
ing forestry and agriculture production system decisions based more on
economics than on the future health of our planet. In addition to updat-
ing the topics found in the 2nd edition, this edition adds to the science
with a new 6th practice of “Urban Food Forests” and chapters on:
Agroforestry for Air Quality Benefits; Agroforestry for Soil Health;
Agroforestry at the Landscape Level; An Overview of Agroforestry and
its Relevance in the Mexican Context and Agroforestry Training and
Education.
The chapter authors are all recognized authorities. Their writings, when
taken collectively, are meant to provide a state- of- the- art understanding
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of agroforestry. Agroforestry is rapidly becoming recognized as a science
that has great merit in helping address many of our nations’ environmen-
tal problems while serving to the economic benefit of our nations’ small
farms.
Harold E. “Gene” Garrett
School of Natural Resources
The Center for Agroforestry
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
Shibu Jose
College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
Michael A. Gold
School of Natural Resources
The Center for Agroforestry
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
viii
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Acknowledgments
The 3rd edition of North American Agroforestry would not have been
possible were it not for the assistance of two supporting co-editors in the
preparation of the 1st edition. The current editors express their thanks to
W. J. “Bill” Rietveld and R. F. “Dick” Fisher for making this 3rd edition
possible. Many hours are spent preparing chapters of the nature found
in this text, as is also the case for reviewers who give freely of their time.
The editors wish to extend a very special thanks to the authors and dedi-
cated reviewers for their contributions. We also are grateful to Caroline
Todd at the University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry for the logisti-
cal support she provided during this project.
The senior editor would be remiss if he did not acknowledge his wife,
Joyce, who provided guidance and computer skills in revising and for-
matting chapters. Without her very capable assistance and encourage-
ment, his job as a co-editor would have been many times more difficult.
And last but not least, to the many contributors to the temperate zone,
agroforestry literature, the editors express acknowledgement and appre-
ciation for a job well done!
This work is partially supported by the University of Missouri Center for
Agroforestry and USDA ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farm Research Center,
Agreement number 58-6020-6-001 from the USDA ARS.
ix
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Section I
Agroforestry Fundamentals
North American Agroforestry, Third Edition. Edited by Harold E. “Gene” Garrett, Shibu Jose, and Michael A. Gold.
© 2022 American Society of Agronomy. Published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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