Nonverbal Communication PDF
Preview Nonverbal Communication
2 Nonverbal Communication Judee K. Burgoon University of Arizona Laura K. Guerrero Arizona State University Kory Floyd Arizona State University 3 First published 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2010 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retri eval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. ISBN: 9780205525003 (pbk) Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burgoon, Judee K. Nonverbal communication / Judee K. Burgoon, Laura K. Guerrero, Kory Floyd. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-205-52500-3 (pbk.) 1. Body language. 2. Nonverbal communication. I. Guerrero, Laura K. II.Floyd, Kory. III. Title. BF637.N66B86 2010 153.6'9—dc22 2009028235 4 CONTENTS Preface PART ONE Introduction 1 Introduction to Nonverbal Communication The Importance of Nonverbal Communication ■ BOX 1.1 Flouting the System Nonverbally Definitional Issues ■ BOX 1.2 Do Definitions Matter? Definitions of Nonverbal Communication Information, Behavior, and Communication Source, Receiver, and Message Orientations Symbols and Signs Nonverbal Codes Functions and Processes Individual Differences, Emotional Intelligence, and Nonverbal Skills Individual Variability Emotional Intelligence and Nonverbal Skills ■ BOX 1.3 Are You a Skilled Communicator? 2 Sociocultural Influences on Nonverbal Communication The Importance of Nonverbal Communication in Cross-Cultural Interaction Defining Culture and Related Terms Characteristics of Culture Individualist Versus Collectivist Cultures Immediate Versus Nonimmediate Cultures Low- Versus High-Power Distance Cultures High- Versus Low-Context Cultures Feminine Versus Masculine Cultures 5 Interpreting Research on Culture and Nonverbal Communication Emphasizing Differences over Similarities Overgeneralization Viewing Cultural Norms as Static Viewing Cultures Through an Ethnocentric Lens ■ BOX 2.1 Arab Hijab: A Sign of Oppression or Pride? Patterns of Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Gestures ■ BOX 2.2 Global Interpretations of Selected U.S. Gestures Eye Behavior Facial Expression Proxemics and Haptics ■ BOX 2.3 Why Arab Men Hold Hands Vocalics Chronemics 3 Bio-Evolutionary Influences on Nonverbal Communication Biology and Evolution in the Study of Nonverbal Communication The Evolutionary Approach Natural Selection Applications to Human Behavior ■ BOX 3.1 Natural Selection at a Glance The Biological/Physiological Approach Psychophysiology ■ BOX 3.2 Ways of Studying Psychophysiology How Nonverbal Behaviors Are Affected by Evolution and Biology Facial Displays ■ BOX 3.3 Why We Cry Touch Vocalics Eye Behaviors Olfactics Physical Appearance ■ BOX 3.4 Measuring Symmetry PART TWO Nonverbal Codes 6 4 The Body as a Code: Appearance and Adornment The Importance of Physical Appearance and Adornment Perceptions Associated with Physical Attractiveness Physical Attractiveness in Relationships ■ BOX 4.1 Dating Really Is Like a Meat Market Physical Attractiveness in Professional Contexts Attractiveness Features Koinophilia Facial Neoteny and Sexual Maturity Symmetry Proportion and the Golden Ratio Waist-to-Hip Ratio Body Features Body Types Body Image Coloring ■ BOX 4.2 Blue-Eyed Men Have Clear View of Their Ideal Partner Adornment and Olfactics ■ BOX 4.3 Glamor and Beauty Through the Ages Cosmetics Body Modifications Clothing Perfume Other Olfactic Cues ■ BOX 4.4 The Olfactory Signature as a Tool Against Terrorism and Disease 5 The Visual and Auditory Codes: Kinesics and Vocalics Kinesics Scope and Importance of Kinesics Origins and Acquisitions of Kinesics ■ BOX 5.1 A Zen Parable Features of the Kinesics Code ■ BOX 5.2 What’s in a Blob? ■ BOX 5.3 Emblems and the Savvy Traveler 7 Vocalics Origins and Acquisition of Vocalics Features of the Vocalics Code ■ BOX 5.4 Speaking Naturally, or Do Neither As I Say Nor As I Do Communication Potential of Kinesics and Vocalic 6 The Contact Codes: Haptics and Proxemics Haptics The Importance of Touch Dmensions of Touch Functions of Touch ■ BOX 6.1 Sex Differences in Touch ■ BOX 6.2 New Technologies and Virtual Interpersonal Touch Proxemics 159 The Importance of Space and Territory ■ BOX 6.3 Proxemics in the Modern World Types of Territory Conversational Distances 7 Place and Time Codes: Environment, Artifacts, and Chronemics Environment and Artifacts Origins and Acquisition of the Environmental Code Elements of the Environment and Artifacts Code ■ BOX 7.1 Pink Jails and Inmate Violence Norms, Expectations, and Standards for the Environmental Code ■ BOX 7.2 Making a House a Home Communication Potential of the Environmental Code Chronemics Origins and Acquisition of the Chronemic Code ■ BOX 7.3 Morning Person or Night Owl? Elements of the Chronemic Code Norms and Expectations for Chronemics ■ BOX 7.4 Time Orientations and Your Career Communication Potential of the Chronemic Code PART THREE Nonverbal Communication Functions 8 8 Message Production and Processing Is Body Language Really a Language? Properties of Coding Systems Analogic Versus Digital Coding Grammar Pragmatic and Dialogic Rules Polysemy Universality Versus Culture- and Context-Bound Meaning Displacement Reflexivity Prevarication Iconicity Simultaneity Directness of Sensory Stimulation Neurophysiology of Nonverbal Encoding and Decoding ■ BOX 8.1 A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words ■ BOX 8.2 Gales of Laughter Greet President’s Speech Nonverbal Behavior and Message Production Message Generation Semantic Encoding ■ BOX 8.3 Is It in the Look of Your Face, the Wave of Your Hand, the Tone of Your Voice? Syntactic and Phonological Encoding Indicating Difficulty and Complexity of Encoding Message Processing Relative Impact of Nonverbal and Verbal Codes Six Principles of Channel Reliance ■ BOX 8.4 Watch What I Do, Not What I Say—Nonverbal Cues in the Clinic The Primacy of Visual Cues Explanations of and Speculations About Channel Reliance 9 Social Cognition and Impression Formation The Process of Social Cognition Person Perception Cognitive Heuristics and Biases ■ BOX 9.1 Being Tall Pays 9 ■ BOX 9.2 The Implicit Association Test Accuracy and Consistency of Impressions Types of Impressions and Relevant Nonverbal Cues Physical and Demographic Judgments ■ BOX 9.3 False Impressions and Not “Telling It Like It Is” ■ BOX 9.4 Regional and Ethnic Dialects: Speaking Like a “New Yawker” Sociocultural Judgments Psychological Judgments ■ BOX 9.5 When Less Is Better—Hairiness and Job Success ■ BOX 9.6 Is Beauty Better Than Brains? 10 Expressing Real and Desired Identities Principles of Image Management Theories of Image Management Self-Presentation Theory Impression Management Theory ■ BOX 10.1 Attractiveness and Organizational Survival Expectancy Violations Theory Three Domains of Identification Nonverbal Identifiers of Sex and Gender Nonverbal Identifiers of Age ■ BOX 10.2 Nonverbal Battle of the Sexes Nonverbal Identifiers of Personality 11 Expressing Emotions The Nature of Emotional Experience Emotions as Adaptive Responses to Events Emotions as Affective Responses Emotions as Physiological Responses Emotions as Cognitive Responses Approaches to Understanding Emotional Experience The Basic Emotions Response The Emotion Prototypes Approach Dimensional Approaches 10
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