Table Of Content

Nonprofit Organizations In this new edition of the popular textbook, Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy, Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler have fully updated, revised, and expanded this comprehensive introduction to a growing field. The text takes on an international and comparative perspective, detailing the background and concepts and examining relevant theories and central issues. Anheier and Toepler cover the full range of nonprofit organizations—s ervice providers, membership organizations, foundations, community groups— in different fields, such as arts and culture, health and social services, and education. Introducing central terms such as philanthropy, charity, social entrepreneurship, social investment, and civil society, they explain how the field relates to public management and administration. This textbook is systematic in its approach to theories, management, and policy. The first edition won the Best Book Award at the American Academy of Management in 2006, and this new edition will continue to match the growing demand for academic teaching. Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy is an ideal resource for students of both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Helmut K. Anheier is Professor of Sociology at the Hertie School, Germany, and faculty member of the Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles. Stefan Toepler is Professor of Nonprofit Studies at the Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Virginia. Praise for previous editions of Nonprofit Organizations: “An invaluable resource for students, scholars, policy makers, and practitioners. No other source so effectively conveys complex ideas with such pellucid prose, no other volume so seamlessly integrates a crucial international perspective into this topic— and no one but Professor Anheier has the experience, overview, and wisdom to produce a volume of this scope and quality.” Paul DiMaggio, Professor of Sociology, Princeton University, USA “The clear international leader in its field.” Martin Knapp, Professor of Health and Social Care Policy, London School of Economics, UK “The indispensable text for both graduate and undergraduate courses on the organization of the nonprofit sector.” Stanley N. Katz, Professor, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, USA “Comprehensive, grounded in theory and data, with historical and comparative perspec- tives, this book is useful to practitioners as well as students and scholars throughout the world.” Leslie Lenkowsky, Professor Emeritus in Public Affairs and Philanthropic Studies, Indiana University, USA “The book lucidly examines key management and policy issues facing nonprofit organizations around the world … [A] valuable resource for classroom use, researchers, and nonprofit staff and volunteers.” Steven Rathgeb Smith, Executive Director, American Political Science Association Nonprofit Organizations Theory, Management, Policy THIRD EDITION Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler Cover image: Emilia Birlo is an artist who splits her time between Berlin and Los Angeles. www.atelier- birlo.com Third edition published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler The right of Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2005 Second edition published by Routledge 2014 British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Anheier, Helmut K., 1954– author. | Toepler, Stefan, author. Title: Nonprofit organizations : theory, management, policy / Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler. Description: Third Edition. | New York, NY: Routledge, 2023. | Revised editon of Nonprofit organizations, 2014. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: LCSH: Nonprofit organizations. Classification: LCC HD2769.15 .A538 2023 (print) | LCC HD2769.15 (ebook) | DDC 346/.064–dc23/eng/20220217 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022008460 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022008461 ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 62548- 8 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 62549- 5 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 0- 429- 29968- 1 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/ 9780429299681 Typeset in Berling and Futura by Newgen Publishing UK This edition is dedicated to the memory of Zeke Hasenfeld († 2019) S. Wojciech Sokolowski († 2020) and Lester M. Salamon († 2021) to honor their extensive contributions to the study of nonprofit organizations and civil society in the US and worldwide. Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi List of Boxes xiii Preface to the Third Edition xiv Acknowledgments xv Part I: Studying Nonprofit Organizations 1 1 Studying Nonprofit Organizations 3 2 Historical Background 24 3 Concepts 61 4 Dimensions 102 Part II: Approaches 151 5 Theories of Nonprofit Organizations 153 6 Approaches to Giving and Philanthropy 190 7 Studying Civic Engagement and Volunteering 222 8 Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation 246 viii Contents Part III: Organization and Management 273 9 Organizational Behavior and Performance 275 10 Management Approaches and Tools 324 11 Financing Nonprofit Organizations 358 12 Governance 398 13 Leadership and Human Resources 427 14 Marketing, Communication, and Social Media 451 15 Collaboration 472 Part IV: Policy and Current Developments 499 16 State– Nonprofit Relations 501 17 Advocacy and Lobbying 529 18 Longer- Term Developments and Current Trends 548 Index 577 Figures 3.1 Institutional embeddedness of nonprofits 81 3.2 Investment typology 92 4.1 US employment in nonprofits vs. other industries, millions of employees, 2016 107 4.2 Distribution of paid earnings by sector, US, 2013 107 4.3 Organizations and expenses in the nonprofit sector, by field, US, 2013 108 4.4 Nonprofit sources of revenue, by field, US, 2013 110 4.5 Average weekly wages in selected fields of nonprofit and forprofit activity, US, 2016 111 4.6 Size of nonprofit sector paid vs. volunteer workforce, by country, various years 117 4.7 Distribution of nonprofit paid employment and paid plus volunteer employment, by field, 22 countries, various years 118 4.8 Philanthropic giving in the US, by source, 2018 120 4.9 Growth of foundation numbers and assets (1975 = 100), US, 1975– 2013 123 4.10 (a) Foundation types, by share of total number, US, 2013, (b) Foundation types, by share of total assets, US, 2013 124 4.11 Distribution of foundation grant dollars by subject categories, in percent, US, 2012 125 4.12 Volunteering rates by demographic categories, US, 2014 129 4.13 Volunteers by main organization type, US, 2014 130 4.14 Participation in formal and informal voluntary activities in Europe, by country, 2015 133 4.15 Number of active international NGOs, by year 140 4.16 International NGO memberships, average number of memberships per year, by world regions, 2002– 18 142 4.17 Number of international associations by field, 2018 144 5.1 Dimensions of the nonprofit sector in four countries: revenue structure of education, health, and social services combined (as % of total revenues) 182 5.2 Dimensions of the nonprofit sector in four countries: revenue structure for other parts of nonprofit sector activity (as % of total revenues) 183 6.1 The relationship between income and share of giving 196 6.2 The Foundation Triangle 205