Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay PDF
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Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html N O N N AT I V E OYSTERS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY Committee on Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Acad- emy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for this report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by a contract between the National Academies and the following entities: Contract No. 50-DGNA-1-90024 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No. 50-DGNA-1-90024 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Cooperative Agreement No. 50181-2-J030 from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Grant from the Maryland Depart- ment of Natural Resources, Purchase Order No. D227024-4 from the Virginia Sea Grant, Grant No. NA070Z0136-01 from the Virginia Department of Envi- ronmental Quality, Grant No. SA7293808L.SA7528018F from the Maryland Sea Grant, and Purchase Order No. D227024-4 from the Connecticut Sea Grant. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the study. This study was funded in part by a contract from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub agencies. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2003117095 International Standard Book Number: 0-309-09052-0 (Book) International Standard Book Number: 0-309-52696-5 (PDF) Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624- 6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http: //www.nap.edu Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating soci- ety of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedi- cated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scien- tific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Acad- emy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the char- ter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its mem- bers, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engi- neering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and re- search, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Insti- tute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sci- ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Coun- cil is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html COMMITTEE ON NONNATIVE OYSTERS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY JAMES ANDERSON (Cochair), University of Rhode Island, Kingston DENNIS HEDGECOCK (Cochair), University of California, Davis MARK BERRIGAN, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Aquaculture, Tallahassee KEITH CRIDDLE, Utah State University, Logan WILLIAM DEWEY, Taylor Shellfish Company, Inc., Shelton, Washington SUSAN FORD, Rutgers University, Port Norris, New Jersey PHILIPPE GOULLETQUER, IFREMER, Paris, France RICHARD HILDRETH, University of Oregon, Eugene MICHAEL PAOLISSO, University of Maryland, College Park NANCY TARGETT, University of Delaware, Lewes ROBERT WHITLATCH, University of Connecticut, Groton Staff SUSAN ROBERTS, Study Director KIM WADDELL, Senior Program Officer SUSAN PARK, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Intern DENISE GREENE, Senior Project Assistant SARAH CAPOTE, Project Assistant The work of this committee was overseen by the Ocean Studies Board. iv Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html OCEAN STUDIES BOARD NANCY RABALAIS (Chair), Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin ARTHUR BAGGEROER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge JAMES COLEMAN, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LARRY CROWDER, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina RICHARD B. DERISO, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California ROBERT B. DITTON, Texas A&M University, College Station EARL DOYLE, Shell Oil (retired), Sugar Land, Texas ROBERT DUCE, Texas A&M University, College Station PAUL G. GAFFNEY II, National Defense University, Washington, DC WAYNE R. GEYER, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts STANLEY R. HART, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts MIRIAM KASTNER, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California RALPH S. LEWIS, Connecticut Geological Survey, Hartford WILLIAM F. MARCUSON III, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers (retired), Vicksburg, Mississippi JULIAN P. MCCREARY, JR., University of Hawaii, Honolulu JACQUELINE MICHEL, Research Planning, Inc., Columbia, South Carolina SCOTT NIXON, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett SHIRLEY A. POMPONI, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida FRED N. SPIESS, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California JON G. SUTINEN, University of Rhode Island, Kingston NANCY TARGETT, University of Delaware, Lewes Staff MORGAN GOPNIK, Director JENNIFER MERRILL, Senior Program Officer SUSAN ROBERTS, Senior Program Officer DAN WALKER, Senior Program Officer JOANNE BINTZ, Program Officer TERRY SCHAEFER, Program Officer v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer JOHN DANDELSKI, Research Associate SHIREL SMITH, Administrative Associate JODI BACHIM, Senior Project Assistant NANCY CAPUTO, Senior Project Assistant DENISE GREENE, Senior Project Assistant SARAH CAPOTE, Project Assistant BYRON MASON, Project Assistant vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html Acknowledgments The committee would like to acknowledge the Scientific and Techni- cal Advisory Committee of the Chesapeake Bay Program (STAC) for co- sponsoring the Workshop on Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay, held on October 7-8, 2002, in Fredericksburg, VA (see Appendix H), espe- cially the efforts of Kevin Sellner (executive secretary) and Melissa Bugg (staff). This report was greatly enhanced by the participants at the first meeting and workshop held as part of this study. The committee would like to acknowledge the efforts of those who gave presentations at the meetings. These talks helped set the stage for fruitful discussions in the closed sessions that followed. Stan Allen, Virginia Institute of Marine Science Jim Andreasen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Lowell Bahner, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Gene Burreson, Virginia Institute of Marine Science Frank Dawson, Maryland Department of Natural Resources Mike Fritz, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pat Gaffney, University of Delaware Bill Goldsborough, Chesapeake Bay Foundation Eric Hallerman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Carl Hershner, Virginia Institute of Marine Science Eileen Hofmann, Old Dominion University Bob Hume, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Chris Judy, Maryland Department of Natural Resources vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html viii ACKOWLEDGMENTS Tom Kellum, W. E. Kellum Seafood Victor Kennedy, University of Maryland Fred Kern, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Doug Lipton, University of Maryland Mark Luckenbach, Virginia Institute of Marine Science Roger Mann, Virginia Institute of Marine Science Laura McKay, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Frederika Moser, Maryland Sea Grant Roger Newell, University of Maryland Ken Paynter, University of Maryland Karen Rivara, East Coast Shellfish Growers Association Larry Simns, Maryland Watermen’s Association Julie Thompson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Casey Todd, Metompkin Bay Oyster Jack Travelstead, Virginia Marine Resources Commission George Washington, Virginia Watermen’s Association The committee is also grateful to a number of people who pro- vided important material for this report: Stan Allen, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, Katherine Holt, Lisa Kline, Charles Peterson, and the Chesapeake Bay Program Scientific and Techni- cal Advisory Committee office. This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals cho- sen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accor- dance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institu- tion in making its published report as sound as possible and to en- sure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evi- dence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Michael Beck, The Nature Conservancy, Santa Cruz, California Neil Bourne, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, Canada Eugene Burreson, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point Edwin Grosholz, University of California, Davis Eric Hallerman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Walter Keithly, Jr., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Chris Langdon, Oregon State University, Newport Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html ACKOWLEDGMENTS ix Bonnie McCay, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey Charles Peterson, University of North Carolina, Morehead City Edella Schlager, University of Arizona, Tucson John Supan, Louisiana State University Sea Grant, Baton Rouge Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the con- clusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Judith McDowell, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, appointed by the Division on Earth and Life Studies and May Berenbaum, Univerisity of Illinois, appointed by the Report Review Committee, who were responsible for making certain that an independent exami- nation of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10796.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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