Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research

521 Pages·2012·12.631 MB·English

American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Series
StevenH.Weisbroth,Ronald E. Flatt, and Alan L. Kraus, eds.:
The Biology ofthe LaboratoryRabbit, 1974
JosephE. Wagner andPatrickJ.Manning, eds.:
The Biology ofthe Guinea Pig,1976
Edwin J. Andrews, Billy C. Ward, and Norman H.Altman, eds.:
Spontaneous AnimalModels ofHuman Disease, Volume 1,1979;Volume II, 1979
Henry J.Baker, J.RussellLindsey,and StevenH.Weisbroth,eds.:
The LaboratoryRat, Volume I:Biologyand Diseases,1979; Volume II: ResearchApplications, 1980
Henry L. Foster,J. DavidSmall,and James G.Fox, eds.:
The Mouse inBiomedical Research,Volume I:History, Genetics,andWild Mice, 1981; Volume II: Diseases,1982;
VolumeIll:NormativeBiology,Immunology,andHusbandry,1983;VolumeIV:ExperimentalBiologyandOncology,
1982
James G.Fox, BennettJ. Cohen, andFranklinM. Loew,eds.:
LaboratoryAnimal Medicine, 1984
G.L. Van Hoosier, Jr., and Charles W.McPherson, eds.:
LaboratoryHamsters, 1987
Patrick J.Manning,DanielH. Ringler, and Christian E. Newcomer, eds.:
The Biology ofthe LaboratoryRabbit, 2ndEdition, 1994
B. TaylorBennett, ChristianR. Abee, andRoy Henrickson, eds.:
Nonhuman PrimatesinBiomedical Research,Volume I:Biology and Management, 1995; VolumeII: Diseases,1998
Dennis F. Kohn, SallyK. Wixson,William J. White, and G.John Benson, eds.:
AnesthesiaandAnalgesia inLaboratoryAnimals,1997
James G.Fox, Lynn C. Anderson, Franklin M.Loewand Fred W. Quimby,eds.:
LaboratoryAnimal Medicine, 2nd Edition,2002
Mark A.Suckow,StevenH.Weisbroth andCraigL. Franklin,eds.:
The LaboratoryRat, 2ndEdition, 2006
James G.Fox, Muriel T.Davisson, Fred W. Quimby, StephenW.Barthold, ChristianE. Newcomerand
Abigail L. Smith,eds.:
The Mouse inBiomedical Research,2nd Edition,Volume I:History, WildMice, and Genetics, 2007; Volume II:
Diseases, 2007; Volume III:Normative Biology, Husbandry,andModels, 2007; Volume IV:Immunology,2007
RichardE. Fish, Marilyn J.Brown, PeggyJ. Dannemanand Alicia Z. Karas, eds.:
AnesthesiaandAnalgesia inLaboratoryAnimals,2nd Edition, 2008
Jack R. Hesslerand Noel D.M. Lehner, eds.:
Planning and DesigningAnimal ResearchFacilities,2009
Mark A.Suckow,Karla A. Stevens,and Ronald P. Wilson,eds.:
The LaboratoryRabbit,Guinea Pig,HamsterandotherRodents, 2011
Christian R. Abee,Keith Mansfield, Suzette Tardif and Timothy Morris,eds.:
Nonhuman PrimatesinBiomedical Research,2nd Edition,Volume I:Biology and Management, 2012; Volume II:
Diseases, 2012
KathrynBayneand Patricia V. Turner, eds.:
LaboratoryAnimal Welfare, 2012
Nonhuman Primates in
Biomedical Research
Volume 1: Biology and Management
Second Edition
Edited by
Christian R. Abee
University of Texas, MDAnderson Cancer Center,
Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative
Medicine and Research, Bastrop, Texas
Keith Mansfield
Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research,
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Suzette Tardif
University of Texas Health Science Center,
Barshop Institute of Longevity & Aging Studies,
San Antonio, Texas
Timothy Morris
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Preface
Biomedicalresearchusingnonhumanprimatescontinuesto usesofnonhumanprimates.Planningforthesecondedition
provide important insights into the pathogenesis and treat- began with the return of Christian Abee as an editor
mentofdiseasesthatimpacthumanhealth.Inrecentyears, followed by Keith Mansfield, Suzette Tardif, and Timothy
translational research has become an increasingly empha- Morrisasco-editors.
sized area in biomedical research.This emphasison trans- Theeditorsreviewedthefirsteditiontodeterminethose
lating discoveries made in basic research into treatments chapters that should be repeated with careful attention to
thatareusefultopatientsrequiresanimalmodelsthatallow chapters that required major revisions and those that
scientists to predict human responses. Nonhuman primates required less extensive updating. The editors agreed that
have long been recognized as important models for trans- the text should have a more international perspective and
lational research due to their phylogenetic proximity to chapters should be added that describe research areas in
humanbeingsandtheirsimilarityinresponsestotreatment which nonhuman primates play a critical role. Therefore,
and pathogenesis of disease when compared to patients thissecondeditionhasaddedchaptersthatprovideamore
subsequently observed in clinical trials. For these reasons, internationalperspectiveonregulatoryoversightofthecare
the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine and use of nonhuman primates and chapters that describe
(ACLAM)recognizedtheneedforanauthoritativetextbook important model systems and research areas. High-resolu-
on the biology, management, and diseases of nonhuman tion color images have been included in this edition that
primatesusedinbiomedicalresearch. illustrate gross and microscopic lesions characteristic of
ThefirsteditionofNonhumanPrimatesinBiomedical diseases of nonhuman primates. Color illustrations have
Research was edited by B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. alsobeenincludedofimagingtechniquesthatcanbeused
Abee,andRoyV.Henricksonaspartofthetextbookseries in both clinical veterinary medical care and research
sponsoredbytheAmericanCollegeofLaboratoryAnimal applications.
Medicine. It was published in two volumes, Biology and Theeditorsassembledanoutstandinggroupofchapter
Management(1995)andDiseases(1998).Thecompletion contributors with many chapter authors from the first
of the first edition required more than 10 years to plan, editioncontributingonceagain.Chaptermanuscriptswere
develop,edit,andpublish.Ithasservedasaseminaltextin peer reviewed by experts in the respective subject areas.
the field because it provided readers with the collective The reviewers of chapters provided a very important
knowledge of experts in veterinary medicine, laboratory contributionbyhelpingtomakecertainthatchapterswere
animalmedicine, comparativemedicine,and primatology accurate and fair in their review of the subject areas.
as these disciplines are applied to the care and use of Reviewersarelistedineachrespectivevolume,butarenot
nonhuman primates in biomedical research. The first identified with the specific chapter they reviewed.
editionisnolongerinprintandusedcopieshavebecome Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research 2nd
collector’s items selling for more than the original editionprovidesacomprehensiveandcurrentreviewofthe
purchaseprice.ThisprovidedthePublicationsCommittee collective knowledge of the biology, management,
of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine diseases, and research uses of nonhuman primates. The
withstrongjustificationtoapprovethedevelopmentofthis information in these volumes will be useful to clinical
second edition of this important text. veterinarians, veterinary pathologists, primate caregivers
PlanningforthesecondeditionofNonhumanPrimates andcolonymanagers,scientistswhoworkwithnonhuman
inBiomedicalResearchbeganin2006.Althoughmuchof primates, and others who wish to know more about
the information in the first edition remains useful, there nonhuman primates.
have been major advances in our understanding of the Chris Abee, Keith Mansfield, Suzette Tardif, and
biology, veterinary medical care, pathology, and research Timothy Morris
vii
Acknowledgments
There are many people deserving of recognition for their copyediting by Elsevier. The editors want to give special
many hours of dedicated service in planning, developing, thankstoMaryPreapatElsevierforhergentlepressureto
and editing Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research keep us as close as possible to our deadlines and her
2nd edition. The editors wish to thank Laura Zapalac and timely responses to the book editors’ questions and
Jennifer Kurtz at the Michale E. Keeling Center for requests. And finally, I would like to thank my co-editors,
Comparative Medicine and Research of the University of Keith Mansfield, Suzette Tardif, and Tim Morris for their
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center for the many hours tireless efforts to make certain that this second edition of
they devoted to scheduling editors’ conference calls, Nonhuman PrimatesinBiomedical Researchmet the high
maintaining spreadsheets that allowed the editors to standard expected of the American College of Laboratory
follow the progress of each chapter through the arduous Animal Medicine “Blue Book” series. The completion of
processofcomposition,chapterreview,authors’revisions, this second edition was truly a team effort and a team
first copyedit, and finally, submission of each chapter to accomplishment of the chapter contributors, the chapter
Elsevier. We are also grateful to Rachel Tardif for her reviewers, the book editors, administrative staff, and the
outstanding efforts in the initial copyedit of most of the staff at Elsevier.
chapters. Her work allowed the editors to identify and Chris Abee
correct mistakes in chapter manuscripts prior to final
ix
Reviewers
Karyn L. Armstrong Covance Research Products, Inc., Jeffrey D. Fortman University of Illinois at Chicago,
Alice, TX Biologic Resources Laboratory, Chicago, IL
Lynne M. Ausmann Tufts University, Jean Mayer USDA Margaret H. Gilbert Tulane University, Tulane National
Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, Primate Research Center, Covington, LA
MA
Colin Groves Australian National University, Canberra,
Michael B. Ballinger Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA ACT, Australia
Kathryn Bayne Association for Assessment and Patrick W. Hanley The University of Texas MD
Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling
International, Frederick, MD Center for Comparative Medicine and Research,
Bastrop, TX
Mollie Bloomsmith Emory University, Yerkes National
Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA Robert F. Hoyt National Institutes of Health, National
Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
Rudolf P. Bohm, Jr. Tulane University, Tulane National
Primate Research Center, Covington, LA Denis Lambrights GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Biologicals,
Rixensart, Belgium
Kathleen M. Brasky Southwest National Primate
Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Judy MacArthur-Clark Animals in Science Regulation
Institute, San Antonio, TX Unit, Home Office, London, UK
William E. Britz, Jr. Britz & Company, Wheatland, WY Christopher L. Medina Abbott Laboratories,
Comparative Medicine, Abbott Park, IL
Hannah Buchannan-Smith University of Stirling,
Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, Scotland, UK Yasmina A. Paramastri Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and
Thomas M. Butler Retired, Fair Oaks Ranch, TX
Immunology, Nashville, TN
John Capitanio University of California, Davis,
SulliJ.PopilskisNewYorkMedicalCollege,Department
Department of Psychology, Davis CA
of Comparative Medicine, Valhalla, NY
William Cole Retired, Lansdale, PA
Wendy Saltzman University of California at Riverside,
Lita Drobatz GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Pharmaceuticals,
Department of Biology, Riverside, CA
King of Prussia, PA
Michael Schillaci University of Toronto, Department of
Bennett Dyke Retired, San Antonio, TX
Anthropology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Marisa Elkins St. Claire National Institutes of Health,
Ma˚rten K.J. Schneider University Hospital of Zurich,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
Laboratory of Vascular Immunology, Division of
Rockville, MD
Internal Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
James J. Elliott Texas A&M University, Comparative
Mary Schneider University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Medicine Program, College Station, TX
Departments of Kinesiology (Occupational Therapy
Lynn Fairbanks University of California at Los Angeles, Program) and Psychology, Madison, WI
Semel Institute, Los Angeles, CA
M. Michael Swindle Medical University of South
John Finch Charles River Laboratories, Edinburgh, Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine,
UK Charleston, SC
John Fleagle Stony Brook University, Department of Maureen Thompson Emory University, Yerkes National
Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook, NY Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA
xi
xii Reviewers
Duane Ullrey Michigan State University, Departments of Lawrence E. Williams The University of Texas MD
Animal Science and Fisheries & Wildlife, East Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center
Lansing, MI for Comparative Medicine and Research, Bastrop, TX
Gary L. White The University of Oklahoma Health Roman F. Wolf The University of Oklahoma Health
Sciences Center, Comparative Medicine, Oklahoma Sciences Center, Comparative Medicine, Oklahoma
City, OK City, OK
Gregory K. Wilkerson The University of Texas MD Simon Young AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling
Marcus Young Owl California State University, Long
Center for Comparative Medicine and Research,
Beach, Department of Anthropology and Biological
Bastrop, TX
Sciences, Long Beach, CA
Contributors
Mark G. Baxter Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai DavidK.JohnsonCascadeBiosciencesConsultants,Inc.,
School of Medicine, New York, USA Sisters, OR
Kathryn Bayne AAALAC International, Frederick, MD Stephen T. Kelley Department of Comparative Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
IrwinS.BernsteinDepartmentofPsychology,University
of Georgia, Athens, GA BrianJ.KellyBehavioralSciencesDepartment,Fitchburg
State University, Fitchburg, MA
James L. Blanchard Comparative Medicine Program,
Tulane University, Covington, LA Liz Koutsos Mazuri Exotic Animal Nutrition, PMI
Nutrition International LLC, St Louis, MO
Mollie A.Bloomsmith YerkesNationalPrimateResearch
Center, Atlanta, GA Joshua A. Kramer New England Primate Research
Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
Rudolf P. Bohm, Jr Division of Veterinary Medicine,
Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Vince Meador Anatomic and Clinical Pathology,
LA Integrated Science and Innovation, Covance
Laboratories Inc., WI
Saverio Capuano Wisconsin National Primate Research
Center, Madison, WI Jerrold S. Meyer Department of Psychology, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
Angela Carville New England Primate Research Center,
Southborough, MA Nancy Minugh-Purvis Department of Pathology and
Laboratory Medicine and Office of Professional
Donna J. Clemons Abbott Laboratories, Comparative
Studies in the Health Sciences, Drexel University
Medicine, Abbott Park, IL
College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
Kristine Coleman Oregon National Primate Research
Kathy L. Murphy Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai
Center, Beaverton, OR
School of Medicine, New York, USA
David K.C. Cooper Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation
Timothy H. Morris The School of Veterinary Medicine
Institute, Department of Surgery, University of
and Science, The University of Nottingham,
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Leicestershire, UK
Carolyn M. Crockett National Primate Research Center,
MarekA. NiekraszAnimal Resources Center, University
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
of Chicago, Chicago, IL
DavidElmoreCharlesRiversLaboratories,SanDiego,CA
MelindaA.NovakDepartmentofPsychology,University
Paul A. Flecknell Comparative Biology Centre, The
of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
Medical School, The University of Newcastle,
Michael L. Power Nutrition Laboratory, Smithsonian
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological
Elizabeth W. Ford The Scripps Research Institute,
Park, Washington, DC
LaJolla, CA
KarenRiceSouthwestNationalPrimateResearchCenter,
Margaret H. Gilbert Division of Veterinary Medicine,
Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio,
Tulane National Primate Research Center,
TX
Covington, LA
Kasi E. Russell-Lodrigue Division of Veterinary
James C. Ha National Primate Research Center,
Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center,
Department of Psychology, University of Washington,
Covington, LA
Seattle, WA
StevenJ.SchapiroTheUniversityofTexasMDAnderson
Dennis O. Johnsen Port Townsend, WA
Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX
xiii
xiv Contributors
David Glenn Smith Department of Anthropology and Gerhard F. Weinbauer Developmental and Reproductive
California National Primate Research Center, Toxicology, Covance Laboratories, Kesselfeld,
University of California, Davis, CA Muenster, Germany
Suzette Tardif Barshop Institute of Longevity & Aging Gary L. White The University of Oklahoma Health
Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Sciences Center, Comparative Medicine, Oklahoma
San Antonio, TX City, OK
Barbara Toddes Philadelphia Zoo, Philadelphia, PA RobertA.Whitney,Jr.RADM(0e8Retired),USPublic
Health Service, Steilacoom, WA
Jean E. Turnquist Department of Anatomy and
Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Lawrence E. Williams Michale E. Keeling Center
School, San Juan, Puerto Rico for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department
of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD
RobertWagnerDivisionofLaboratoryAnimalResources,
Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Roman F. Wolf The University of Oklahoma Health
AlexWakefieldCovanceLaboratoriesInc.,Greenfield,IN
Sciences Center, Comparative Medicine, Oklahoma
Craig L. Wardrip Animal Resources Center, University
City, OK
of Chicago, Chicago, IL
James L. Weed Division of Veterinary Resources,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
Chapter 1
History of the Use of Nonhuman Primates
in Biomedical Research
Dennis O. Johnsen*, David K. Johnsony and Robert A. Whitney, Jrz
*PortTownsend,WA,yCascadeBiosciencesConsultants,Inc.,Sisters,OR,zRADM(0e8Retired),USPublicHealthService,Steilacoom,WA
Chapter Outline
HumanandNonhumanPrimatesto1960 2 Constraints 13
RootsofModernPrimatology 2 Regulation 13
FirstPrimateCenters 2 1978IndianBanonMonkeyExports 13
SovietInstituteofExperimentalPathologyandTherapy 2 SimilarActionsinOtherCountries 14
RobertYerkesandthePrimateLaboratoryoftheYale RespondingtotheConstraints 14
InstituteofPsychobiology 3 RiseofDomesticBreeding 14
CayoSantiagoandtheCaribbeanPrimateResearch InteragencyPrimateSteeringCommittee 15
Center 3 OtherConservationActivities 15
VirologicalResearchinNonhumanPrimates 4 Non-GovernmentalOrganizations 15
General 4 Transitiontothe1980s 16
Polio 4 PatternsofUsage 16
Kuru 5 RetroviralDisease 17
Virus(HerpesBVirusorMacacineHerpesvirus1) 5 1980Sand1990S:ProgressPayingoffintheFaceofSerious
OtherContributions 6 Challenges 17
TheWorkofHarryHarlow 6 ANobelPrize 17
BreedingandReproductivePhysiology 6 RetroviralDiseaseandSimianImmunodeficiencyVirus
EstablishmentoftheNationalInstitutesofHealth’sNational (SIV) 17
PrimateResearchCentersProgramintheUSA:Crossingthe EmergenceandImpactoftheAnimalRightsMovement 18
Threshold 6 PeoplefortheEthicalTreatmentofAnimals 18
InitialActivity 6 1985AmendmentoftheAnimalWelfareAct 19
DevelopingtheConcept 6 OtherEffectsofAIDSResearch 19
LaunchingtheNewProgram 7 ChimpanzeeBreedingandResearchProgram 19
NationalPrimateResearchCentersProgramToday 8 Virus,ZoonoticDiseases,andAIDSProvidethe
1960e1980:PeriodofGrowthinaWorldofIncreasing StimulusforSpecificPathogenFreeBreeding 20
Constraints 8 EbolaVirusandInterruptionofImports 21
EmulationoftheCenterConcept 8 CaptiveBreedingGoesGlobal 22
General 8 PrimateResearchBeyondtheYear2000 22
SouthwestFoundationforResearchandEducation 8 SignificantScientificAdvances 22
WakeForestUniversityPrimateCenter 9 MappingtheChimpanzeeandRhesusMonkey
DukePrimateCenter 9 Genome 22
LaboratoryforExperimentalMedicineandSurgeryin GenomicResearch 22
Primates 9 InfectiousDisease 23
MichaleE.KeelingCenterforComparativeMedicine GrowthintheUseofNonhumanPrimates 23
andResearch 10 General 23
CaribbeanPrimateResearchCenter 10 TheNPRCProgram 24
DepartmentofDefense,DepartmentofHealthand CDCImportData,CRO,andPharmaceutical
HumanServices’PublicHealthService,andotherUS Activity 24
GovernmentLaboratories 11 International 24
ActivitiesAbroad 11 RegulationandReview 25
1
NonhumanPrimatesinBiomedicalResearch.DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-381365-7.00001-7
Copyright(cid:1)2012ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.