Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials PDF
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Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials SAGAMORE ARMY MATERIALS RESEARCH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS A va ilab Ie from Plenum Press 9th: Fundamentals of Deformation Processing Edited by Walter A. Backofen, John J. Burke, Louis F. Coffm, Jr., Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss 10th: Fatigue: An Interdisciplinary Approach Edited by John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss 12th: Strengthening Mechanisms: Metals and Ceramics Edited by John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss 13th: Surfaces and Interfaces I: Chemical and Physical Characteristics Edited by Iohn J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss 14th: Surfaces and Interfaces n: Physical and Mechanical Properties Edited by John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss 15th: U1trafme-Grain Ceramics Edited by John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss 16th: U1trarme-Grain Metals Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 17th: Shock Waves Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 18th: Powder Metallurgy for High-Performance Applications Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 19th: Block and Graft Copolymers Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 20th: Characterization of Materials in Research: Ceramics and Polymers Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 21st: Advances in Deformation Processing Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 22nd: Application of Fracture Mechanics to Design Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss 23rd: Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss Forthcoming Volume 24th: Risk and Failure Analysis for Improved Performance and Reliability Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials Edited by John J. Burke Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Watertown, Masllllchusetts and Volker Weiss Syracuse University Syracuse, New York PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference, 23d, Raquette Lake, N.Y., 1976. Nondestructive evaluation of materials. (Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference Proceedings: 23.) Includes index. 1. Non-destructive testing-Congresses. 2. Munitions-Materials-Testing-Con- gresses. I. Burke, John 1. II. Weiss, Volker, 1930- III. Title. IV. Series: Saga- more Army Materials Research Conference. Proceedings; 23. UF526.3.S3 no. 23 [TA417.2) 623'.028s [620.1'127) ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2954-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2952-7 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2952-7 79-12538 Proceedings of the Twenty-third Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference on the Nondestructive Characterization of Materials, held at the Sagamore Conference Center, Raquette Lake, New York, August, 1976 © 1979 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1979 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher SAGAMORE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE Chairman JOHN J. BURKE Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Program Director VOLKER WEISS Syracuse University Secretary ARAM TARPINIAN Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Conference Coordinator JOSEPH A. BERNIER Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE JOHN J. BURKE Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center M. J. BUCKLEY Air Force Materials Laboratory G.DARCY Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center H.HERGLOTZ E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company GEORGE MAYER Army Research Office R. B. THOMPSON Rockwell International Science Center VOLKER WEISS Syracuse University S. WEISSMANN Rutgers University Arrangements at Sagamore Conference Center Helen B. DeMascio Syracuse University Preface The Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center of Water town, Massachusetts in cooperation with the Materials Science Group of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science of Syracuse University has conducted the Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference since 1954. The main purpose of these conferences has been to gather together over 150 scientists and engineers from academic institutions, industry and government who are uniquely qualified to explore in depth a subject of importance to the Department of Defense, the Army and the scientific community. This volume NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF MATERIALS, addresses the areas of x-ray, ultrasonics and other methods of nondestructive testing. We wish to acknowledge the dedicated assistance of Joseph M. Bernier of the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center and Helen Brown DeMascio of Syracuse University throughout the stages of the conference planning and finally the publication of this book. Their help is deeply appreciated. Syracuse University Syracuse, New York The Editors Contents SESSION I X-RAY S. Heissman, Moderator H. K. Herglotz, Moderator 1. Overview of X-Ray Diffraction Methods for Nondestructive Testing • • • • • • • ••• 1 L. V. Azaroff 2. Detection of Fatigue Damage by X-Rays 21 S. Taira and K. Kamachi 3. A Historical Example of Fatigue Damage • • • • • • • 55 H. K. Herglotz 4. The Application of X-Ray Topography to Materials Science .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 S. Weissman 5. Residual Stress Measurement by X-Rays: Errors, Limitations and Applications • • • • • • 101 C. O. Ruud and G. D. Farmer 6. Flash X-Ray •••••••••• 117 Q. Johnson and D. Pellinen 7. Neutron Radiography for Nondestructive Testing ••• 151 J. John 8. Nondestructive Compositional Analysis 183 L. S. Birks 9. Review of European Advances in Nondestructive XRD Test ing • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 195 E. Macherauch ix x CONTENTS 10. Polychromatic X-Ray Stress Analysis and Its Application (Nondestructive Distribution Measurement of Sub-Surface Physical Quantities) . . . . . • • . . . . . . . • • • • 221 M. Nagao and S. Kusumoto SESSION II SONIC T. Moran, Moderator R. B. Thompson, Moderator 11. Overview of Ultrasonic NDE Research •••• 257 R. B. Thompson 12. Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Transducers 283 T. J. Moran 13. Ultrasonic Spectroscopy 299 O. R. Gericke 14. Acoustic Interactions with Internal Stresses in Metals .. . . . • • . . . • . • . . . . • 321 O. Buck and R. B. Thompson SESSION III OPTICAL METHODS G. Darcy, Moderator 15. Optical Probing of Acoustic Emission Waves 347 C. H. Palmer and R. E. Green, Jr. 16. Recognition and Analysis of Distributed Image Information • • • • • • • • • • 379 M. G. Dreyfus 17. Moire Method - Its Potential Application to NDT ••••••••• • • • • • • • • • 385 A. S. Kuo and H. W. Liu 18. Image Processing in Nondestructive Testing 409 D. H. Janney 19. Automated Detection of Cavities Present in the High Explosive Filler of Artillery Shells 421 R. P. Kruger, D. H. Janney and J. R. Breedlove, Jr. CONTENTS xi SESSION IV OTHER METHODS G. Mayer, Moderator 20. Advanced Quantitative Magnetic Nondestructive Evaluation Methods - Theory and Experiment 435 J. R. Barton, F. N. Kusenberger, R. E. Beissner and G. A. Matzkanin 21. Positrons as a Nondestructive Probe of Damage in Structural Materials • • • • • • • • 479 J. Wilkenfeld and J. John 22. Quantitative Methods in Penetrant Inspection 505 P. F. Packman, J. K. Ma1pani and G. Hardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index 525 Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHODS FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING L. V. Azaroff University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut ABSTRACT Following a brief historical review, applications of x-ray diffraction to the nondestructive examination of materials are considered. Recent instrumental developments, including x-ray sources, monochromators, and detectors, and their utilization in experimental procedures are discussed. Applications of "routine" x-ray diffraction procedures as well as specialized techniques like residual stress analysis, small-angle scattering, and x-ray topography are illustrated by examples, including biological, metallic, and polymeric materials. The conclusion reached is that the future of x-ray diffraction in the study of materials has been made brighter than ever by the introduction of more intense x-ray sources and continuously improving instrumentation. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION The discovery that crystals can serve as three-dimensional gratings for the diffraction of x-rays was made by Max Laue in 1912. The importance of this discovery was solemnized within two years by the award of a Nobel Prize to Laue in 1914. That very same year, two papers were published describing, respectively, what has become known as the kinematical theory [1] and the dynamical theory [2] of x-ray diffraction. So comprehensive were these analyses that their author, C. G. Darwin, was able to show eight years later [3] that an abnormal absorption effect that was troubling W. H. Bragg and his co~orkers was explicable in terms of previously derived dynamical interactions of incident and scattered x-rays -- an effect Darwin dubbed extinction.
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