Nondestructive Characterization of Materials VI PDF
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Nondestructive Characterization of Materials VI Nondestructive Characterization of Materials VI Edited by Robert E. Green, Jr. The lohns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland Krzysztof J. Kozaczek Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Clayton O. Ruud The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On file Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials, held June 7-11, 1993, in Oahu, Hawaii ISBN 978-1-4613-6100-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-2574-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2574-5 © 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, NewYork in 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1994 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written perm iss ion from the Publisher The papers published in these proceedings represent some of the latest developments in nondestructive characterization of materials and were presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials held June 7-11, 1993, at the Turtle Bay Hilton Hotel on the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii. SYMPOSIUM CO-CHAIRMEN Robert E. Green, Jr. Murli H. Manghnani Center for NDE Hawaii Institute of Geophysics The Johns Hopkins University University of Hawaii at Manoa 3400 N. Charles Street 2525 Correa Road Baltimore, MD 21218 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Teruo Kishi Clayton O. Ruud The University of Tokyo The Pennsylvania State University 4-6-1 Komaba, Merguro-Ku 159 Materials Research Lab. Tokyo 153, Japan University Park, PA 26802 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Alfred Broz, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.A. Jean P. Bussiere, National Research Council, Canada Joseph S. Heyman, NASA/Langley Research Center, U.S.A. Katsuhiro Kawashima, Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan Michael Kroning, IzfP, Fraunhofer-Institut, Germany Soung-Nan Liu, Electric Power Research Institute, U.S.A. Charles H. McGogney, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.A. Yapa Rajapaks~, Office of Naval Research, U.S.A. Tetsuya Saito, National Research Institute for Metals, Japan Donald O. Thompson, Iowa State University, U.S.A. James W. Wagner, Johns Hopkins University, U.S.A. F. Alan Wedgwood, NNDTC, Harwell Laboratory, England H. Thomas Yolken, NIST, U.S.A. v FINANCIAL SUPPORTERS Army Research Office American Society for Nondestructive Testing Federal Aviation Administration Federal Highway Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology National Science Foundation Office of Naval Research vi PREFACE Traditionally the vast majority of materials characterization techniques have been destructive, e.g., chemical compositional analysis, metallographic determination of microstructure, tensile test measurement of mechanical properties, etc. Also, traditionally, nondestructive techniques have been used almost exclusively for the detection of macroscopic defects, mostly cracks, in structures and devices which have already been constructed and have already been in service for an extended period of time. Following these conventional nondestructive tests, it has been common practice to use somewhat arbitrary accept-reject criteria to decide whether or not the structure or device should be removed from service. The present unfavorable status of a large segment of industry, coupled with the desire to keep structures in service well past their original design life, dramatically show that our traditional approaches must be drastically modified if we are to be able to meet future needs. The role of nondestructive characterization of materials is changing and will continue to change dramatically. It has become increasingly evident that it is both practical and cost effective to expand the role of nondestructive evaluation to include all aspects of materials' production and application and to introduce it much earlier in the manufacturing cycle. In fact, the recovery of a large portion of industry from severe economic problems is dependent, in part, on the successful implementation of this expanded role. Currently, efforts are directed at developing and perfecting techniques which are capable of monitoring and controlling the materials production process; materials stability during transport, storage, and fabrication; and the amount and rate of degradation during the materials in-service life. To be more precise, the role of nondestructive testing has expanded far beyond its historical mission of detecting macroscopic defects in structures and devices which had already been constructed and most often had been in service for an extended period of time. Today, and ever increasingly in the future, using advanced sensors and modern measurement technology, along with signal/data processing techniques, information on the processing conditions and the properties and characteristics of the materials being processed can be continuously generated. Real-time process monitoring for more effective and efficient real-time process control and improved product quality and reliability will now become a practical reality. The optimization of the processing and properties of polymers, ceramics and composites, the development of synthetically structured materials, the characterization of surfaces and interfaces, the measurement and character-characterization of amorphous metals and semiconductors, the growth of perfect electronic and optical crystals and thin films, and in all cases, the structures, devices and systems made from these materials vii demand the innovative application of modern nondestructive materials characterization techniques to monitor and control as many stages of the production process as possible. Simply put, intelligent manufacturing is impossible without integrating modern nondestructive evaluation into the production system. Robert E. Green, Jr. Center for Nondestructive Evaluation The Johns Hopkins University viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A special thanks is due Academician Leonid M. Lyamshev from the Acoustical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, for presentation of a special invited lecture on Radiation Acoustics and Nondestructive Evaluation. Although the complete manuscript of the presentation by Academician Lyanshev is not available for printing in the proceedings, a publication is available elsewhere which contain details of his subject matter, namely: L.M. Lyamshev, Radiation Acoustics, Sov. Phys. Usp. 162, 43-94 (1992) [in English]. The conference organizers are indebted to a number of individuals for their assistance in making the symposium a success. Thanks to: the authors for their excellent contributions and cooperation in providing manuscripts; to the session chairpersons for keeping the sessions on time and stimulating lively discussions; to the University of Hawaii for assistance with the poster sessions; to Moshe Rosen, Jim Spicer, Jim Wagner, and John Winter, all of the Center for Nondestructive Evaluation of The Johns Hopkins University, for manuscript reviews. The symposium and the ensuing proceedings would have not been possible without the enthusiasm and extremely hard work of Debbie Harris, The Johns Hopkins University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation Center Coordinator, and her assistant, Debby Manley. All of us who enjoyed the symposium venue, the technical sessions, and the social events owe both of these women our most sincere vote of thanks. ix CONTENTS PROCESS CONTROL Monitoring of Resin-Transfer Molding Using Laser-Based Ultrasound.......................... 1 AD.W. McKie, R.C. Addison, Jr., T.-L.T. Liao, and H.-S. Ryang Embedded Acoustic Sensors for Process Control and Health Monitoring of Composite Materials............................................................................. 7 MJ. Ehrlich, C.V. O'Keefe, B.B. Djordjevic, and B.N. Ranganathan Surface Controlled Materials Evaluation for Al-Implanted Ni Alloys............................. 13 T. Aizawa, J. Mitsuo,and J. Kihara Development and Evaluation of a Workpiece Analyzer for Industrial Furnaces... ........... 21 P. Kotidis, J. Woodroffe, J. Shah, and T. Schultz Sensor System for Intelligent Processing of Hot-Rolled SteeL...................................... 29 AV. Clark, M.G. Lozev, BJ. Filla, and LJ. Bond On-Line Ultrasonic Characterization of Polymer Flows.................................................. 37 L. Piche, D. Levesque, R. Gendron, and J. Tatibouet An Ultrasonic Testing Technique for Monitoring the Cure and Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Materials.......................................................... 45 E.C. Johnson, J.D. Pollchik, and S.L. Zacharius Elasticity of Single-Crystal Alp) (Saphikon) Fiber to lOOO°C by Brillouin Spectroscopy...................................... ................ ................................... 53 M.H. Manghnani, V. Askarpour, and J.A DiCarlo Characterization of Sheet Steels in the Development of On-Line Sensors for Quality Control Monitoring of Mechanical Properties............................ 59 LJ. Swartzendruber, Y. Rosenthal, and G.E. Hicho ACOUSTIC TECHNIQUES I Quantitative Ultrasonic Characterization ofInterfacial Adhesion in Metal-Polymer- Metal Multilayer Composites................................................................. 71 L. Piche, D. Levesque, P. Deprez, A Michel, and J. Tatibouet xi Surface Roughness and Ultrasonic Materials Characterization....................................... 79 P.B. Nagy, G. Blaho, and J.H. Rose Microscopic Determination of Surface Wave Velocities in Heat Treated Steels by Ultrasonic Reflectivity Measurement..................................................... 87 I. Ihara, T. Aizawa, and J. Kihara Ultrasonic Backscattering as a Fingerprint Technique for Identity and Integrity Verification of Components.......................................... ......................... 95 H.H. Willems and E. Wogatzki Air-Coupled Ultrasonic System for Detecting Delaminations and Cracks in Paintings on Wooden Panels................................................................. 103 A. Murray, E.S. Boltz, M.C. Renken, C.M. Fortunko, M.F. Mecklenburg, and R.E. Green, Jr. Model-Based Calibration of Ultrasonic System Responses for Quantitative Measurements........ .... ........................................................................... 111 L.W. Schmerr, Jr., S-J. Song, and H. Zhang MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION I Ultrasonic Characterization of Texture in Pure and Alloyed Zirconium......................... 119 A. Moreau, P.J. Kielczynski, J.F. Bussiere, and J.H. Root Microtomography Using Conventional X-Ray Sources................................................. 129 Y. Yamauchi, N. Kishimoto, and T. Ikuta X-Ray Measurement of Fatigue Damage by Using Imaging Plate.................................. 137 S. Yusa, K. Yoshida, and Y. Yoshioka Nondestructive Characterization of Metals Subjected to High-Power Ultrasound.......... 147 K.A. Green and R.E. Green, Jr. A Study of Substructures in Welded Beta Titanium Alloy by Microbeam X-Ray Diffraction Analysis..................... ...... ................. .................... .... .......... 157 Y. Shirasuna, A. Nozue, T. Okubo, K. Kuribayashi, S. Ishimoto, H. Sato, and Y. Yoshioka Study of Effect of Methane Concentration in Argon Plasma on Tantalum Compound Sputtering Deposition Process.............................................................. 165 S.L. Lee and C.S. Lee Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation of Density of Green State Compressed Products............................................................................................... 175 J. Muller, L. Ackermann, D. Babot, G. Peix, and P. Zhu xii
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