Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes

857 Pages·2017·24.201 MB·English

by  Fang-Zhen Teng, James W Watkins, Nicolas Dauphas, Eds.

REVIEWS in
MINERALOGY &
GEOCHEMISTRY
geochemical
Volume 82 society
NON-TRADITIONAL
STABLE ISOTOPES
EDITORS:
Fang-Zhen Teng, James M. Watkins
and
Nicolas Dauphas
MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
GEOCHEMICAL SOCIETY
Series Editor: Ian P. Swainson
2017 ISSN 1529-6466
REVIEWS IN MINERALOGY
AND GEOCHEMISTRY
Volume 82 2017
Non-Traditional Stable
Isotopes
EDITORS
Fang-Zhen Teng
University of Washington, USA
James Watkins
University of Oregon, USA
Nicolas Dauphas
The University of Chicago, USA
Front-cover: False-color image of a zoned olivine phenocryst (forsterite content) from the Kilauea
Iki lava lake, Hawaii. The black marks are spots where the Fe isotopic composition of the olivine
was measured by LA-MC-ICPMS and SIMS (Sio et al. 2013, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
123, 302–321). In situ stable isotopic analyses of zoned minerals allow one to tell apart zoning
produced by diffusion from zoning produced by growth from an evolving medium.
Series Editor: Ian Swainson
MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
GEOCHEMICAL SOCIETY
Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Volume 82
Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes
ISSN 1529-6466
ISBN 978-0-939950-98-0
Copyright 2017
The MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY of AMERICA
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Non-Traditional
Stable Isotopes
82 Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 82
FROM THE SERIES EDITOR
It has been a pleasure working with the volume editors and authors on this 82nd volume of
Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Several chapters have associated supplemental figures
and or tables that can be found at the MSA website. Any future errata will also be posted there.
Ian P. Swainson, Series Editor
Vienna, Austria
PREFACE
Since the publication of Geochemistry of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes in 2004 (volume 55
of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry), analytical techniques have significantly improved
and new research directions have emerged in non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry. Our
goal here is to review the current status of non-traditional isotope geochemistry from analytical,
theoretical, and experimental approaches to analysis of natural samples. In particular, important
applications to cosmochemistry, high-temperature geochemistry, low-temperature geochemistry,
and geobiology are discussed. The aim of this volume is to provide the most comprehensive
review on non-traditional isotope geochemistry for students and researchers who are interested
in both the theory and applications of non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry.
We take this opportunity to thank the timely contributions by authors of the individual
chapters and insightful reviews from the following scientists: Bridget Bergquist, Greg Brennecka,
Christopher Cloquet, Hans Eggenkamp, Toshiyuki Fujii, Sarah Gleeson, Doug Hammond,
Adrianna Heimann, Richard Hervig, Fang Huang, Timm John, Tom Johnson, Abby Kavner,
James Kubicki, Laura Lammers, Sheng-Ao Liu, Catherine Macris, Paul Mason, Ryan Mathur,
Vasileios Mavromatis, Fred Moynier, Kazuhide Nagashima, Philip Pogge Von Strandmann,
Martin Oeser, Noah Planavsky, Franck Poitrasson, John Reinfelder, Stephen Romaniello,
Mathieu Roskosz, Kate Scheiderich, Kathrin Schilling, Laura Sherman, Haolan Tang, Francois
Tissot, Paul Tomascak, Martin Tsz-Ki Tsui, Jim Van Orman, Xiangli Wang, Laura Wasylenki,
Dominik Weiss, Stefan Weyer, Jan Wiederhold, Martin Wille, Josh Wimpenny, Wei Yang,
Karen Ziegler, and many anonymous reviewers. We gratefully acknowledge the help from Don
DePaolo, Valarie Espinoza-Ross, and Kryshna Avina in organizing and hosting the workshop at
LBNL. We are also indebted to Ian Swainson, series editor, for all his work in producing this
volume, and Alex Speer at the MSA business office, for help in the preparation of the volume
and management of registrations and donations. We also thank Matt Kohn and Youxue Zhang
for sharing their experience in preparing a volume and workshop. Finally, the financial support
provided by Nu Instruments, Cameca and Ametek, Elemental Scientific, Geochemical Society,
Savillex, Depths of the Earth, and Thermo-Fisher are highly appreciated.
Fang-Zhen Teng, Seattle, Washington
James Watkins, Eugene, Oregon
Nicolas Dauphas, Chicago, Illinois
November 2016
1529-6466/17/0082-0000$00.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.82.0
Non-Traditional
Stable Isotopes
82 Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 82
FROM THE SERIES EDITOR
It has been a pleasure working with the volume editors and authors on this 82nd volume of
Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Several chapters have associated supplemental figures
and or tables that can be found at the MSA website. Any future errata will also be posted there.
Ian P. Swainson, Series Editor
Vienna, Austria
PREFACE
Since the publication of Geochemistry of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes in 2004 (volume 55
of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry), analytical techniques have significantly improved
and new research directions have emerged in non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry. Our
goal here is to review the current status of non-traditional isotope geochemistry from analytical,
theoretical, and experimental approaches to analysis of natural samples. In particular, important
applications to cosmochemistry, high-temperature geochemistry, low-temperature geochemistry,
and geobiology are discussed. The aim of this volume is to provide the most comprehensive
review on non-traditional isotope geochemistry for students and researchers who are interested
in both the theory and applications of non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry.
We take this opportunity to thank the timely contributions by authors of the individual
chapters and insightful reviews from the following scientists: Bridget Bergquist, Greg Brennecka,
Christopher Cloquet, Hans Eggenkamp, Toshiyuki Fujii, Sarah Gleeson, Doug Hammond,
Adrianna Heimann, Richard Hervig, Fang Huang, Timm John, Tom Johnson, Abby Kavner,
James Kubicki, Laura Lammers, Sheng-Ao Liu, Catherine Macris, Paul Mason, Ryan Mathur,
Vasileios Mavromatis, Fred Moynier, Kazuhide Nagashima, Philip Pogge Von Strandmann,
Martin Oeser, Noah Planavsky, Franck Poitrasson, John Reinfelder, Stephen Romaniello,
Mathieu Roskosz, Kate Scheiderich, Kathrin Schilling, Laura Sherman, Haolan Tang, Francois
Tissot, Paul Tomascak, Martin Tsz-Ki Tsui, Jim Van Orman, Xiangli Wang, Laura Wasylenki,
Dominik Weiss, Stefan Weyer, Jan Wiederhold, Martin Wille, Josh Wimpenny, Wei Yang,
Karen Ziegler, and many anonymous reviewers. We gratefully acknowledge the help from Don
DePaolo, Valarie Espinoza-Ross, and Kryshna Avina in organizing and hosting the workshop at
LBNL. We are also indebted to Ian Swainson, series editor, for all his work in producing this
volume, and Alex Speer at the MSA business office, for help in the preparation of the volume
and management of registrations and donations. We also thank Matt Kohn and Youxue Zhang
for sharing their experience in preparing a volume and workshop. Finally, the financial support
provided by Nu Instruments, Cameca and Ametek, Elemental Scientific, Geochemical Society,
Savillex, Depths of the Earth, and Thermo-Fisher are highly appreciated.
Fang-Zhen Teng, Seattle, Washington
James Watkins, Eugene, Oregon
Nicolas Dauphas, Chicago, Illinois
November 2016
1529-6466/17/0082-0000$00.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.82.0
Non-Traditional Stable
Isotopes
82 Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 82
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes: Retrospective and Prospective
Fang-Zhen Teng, Nicolas Dauphas, James M. Watkins
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1
THE (cid:71) NOTATION .................................................................................................................3
GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING REFERENCE MATERIALS ............................................4
EMERGING ISOTOPE SYSTEMS .........................................................................................6
Stable potassium isotope geochemistry .........................................................................7
Titanium isotope geochemistry .....................................................................................8
Vanadium isotope geochemistry ..................................................................................10
Stable rubidium isotope geochemistry ........................................................................11
Stable strontium isotope geochemistry ........................................................................11
Cadmium isotope geochemistry ..................................................................................13
Tin isotope geochemistry.............................................................................................15
Antimony isotope geochemistry ..................................................................................15
Stable tellurium isotope geochemistry ........................................................................16
Barium isotope geochemistry ......................................................................................16
Stable neodymium isotope geochemistry ....................................................................18
CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................................................................20
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................20
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................20
2
Equilibrium Fractionation of Non-traditional Isotopes:
a Molecular Modeling Perspective
Marc Blanchard, Etienne Balan, Edwin A. Schauble
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................27
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..........................................................................................28
Equilibrium fractionation theory .................................................................................28
Approximate formula based on force constants ..........................................................33
MODELING APPROACHES .................................................................................................35
Quantum-mechanical molecular modeling..................................................................35
Theoretical studies of non-traditional stable isotope fractionation .............................37
iv
Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes(cid:561)(cid:561)(cid:557)(cid:561)(cid:561)(cid:22)(cid:138)(cid:139)(cid:149)(cid:142)(cid:561)(cid:152)(cid:143)(cid:561)(cid:5)(cid:152)(cid:151)(cid:157)(cid:142)(cid:151)(cid:157)(cid:156)
Modeling isotopic properties of liquid phases.............................................................40
Beyond harmonic approximation: Path integral molecular dynamics .........................43
MÖSSBAUER AND NRIXS SPECTROSCOPY ...................................................................45
MASS-INDEPENDENT FRACTIONATION
AND VARIATIONS IN MASS LAWS...................................................................................47
Variability in mass laws for common fractionations ...................................................48
Mass-independent fractionation in light elements (O and S) ......................................50
Mass-independent fractionation in non-traditional elements (Hg, Tl, and U) ............50
Mass-independent fractionation signatures in heavy elements,
versus light elements ................................................................................................53
Ab initio methods for calculating field shift fractionation factors ...............................53
Isomer shifts from Mössbauer spectroscopy ...............................................................55
CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................................................................55
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................56
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................56
3
Equilibrium Fractionation of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes:
an Experimental Perspective
Anat Shahar, Stephen M. Elardo, Catherine A. Macris
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................65
FACTORS INFLUENCING EQUILIBRIUM FRACTIONATION FACTORS .....................66
PROOF OF EQUILIBRIUM IN ISOTOPE EXPERIMENTS ...............................................67
Time series ...................................................................................................................67
Multi-direction approach .............................................................................................68
Three-isotope exchange method ..................................................................................69
Kinetic effects ..............................................................................................................72
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS ..............................................................................................73
Low temperature experiments .....................................................................................73
High temperature, low pressure experiments ..............................................................74
High temperature and pressure experiments ...............................................................76
NRIXS and diamond anvil cell experiments ...............................................................78
POST-EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................80
CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................................................................80
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................81
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................81
4
Kinetic Fractionation of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes
by Diffusion and Crystal Growth Reactions
James M. Watkins, Donald J. DePaolo, E. Bruce Watson
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................85
Organization of the article ...........................................................................................86
ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY DIFFUSION ...................................................................86
Expressions for diffusive fluxes ...................................................................................87
Isotopic mass dependence of diffusion in “simple” systems .......................................87
Isotopic mass dependence of diffusion in aqueous solution .......................................88
v
Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes(cid:561)(cid:557)(cid:561)(cid:561)(cid:22)(cid:138)(cid:139)(cid:149)(cid:142)(cid:561)(cid:152)(cid:143)(cid:561)(cid:5)(cid:152)(cid:151)(cid:157)(cid:142)(cid:151)(cid:157)(cid:156)
Isotopic mass dependence of diffusion in silicate melts .............................................90
Isotopic mass dependence of diffusion in minerals and metals...................................92
DIFFUSIVE BOUNDARY LAYERS IN THE GROWTH MEDIUM ...................................94
ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY COMBINED REACTION AND DIFFUSION ............102
General framework for crystal growth from an infinite solution ...............................102
Crystal growth and kinetic isotope effects ................................................................105
Interpreting the model parameters .............................................................................107
Stable isotope fractionation during electroplating .....................................................110
Stable isotope fractionation of trace elements ...........................................................113
THE ROLE OF THE NEAR SURFACE OF CRYSTALS ...................................................115
The growth entrapment model (GEM) ......................................................................116
The surface reaction kinetic model (SRKM), growth entrapment model (GEM),
and isotopes ............................................................................................................118
PERSPECTIVES ..................................................................................................................120
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................................121
REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................121
5
In Situ Analysis of Non-Traditional Isotopes by SIMS and
LA–MC–ICP–MS: Key Aspects and the Example of Mg Isotopes
in Olivines and Silicate Glasses
Marc Chaussidon, Zhengbin Deng, Johan Villeneuve, Julien Moureau, Bruce Watson,
Frank Richter, Frédéric Moynier
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................127
Notations used for Mg isotopes .................................................................................128
INSTRUMENTATION FOR IN-SITU STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ............................128
MC–SIMS analysis ....................................................................................................129
LA–MC–ICP–MS analysis ........................................................................................129
LIMITATIONS FOR IN-SITU STABLE ISOTOPES ANALYSIS ......................................130
Limitations due to the small amount of sample analyzed .........................................131
Limitations due to matrix effects on ion yield ...........................................................131
Limitations due to instrumental isotopic fractionation ..............................................133
STANDARDS AND ANALYTICAL APPROACH USED FOR MG
IN THE PRESENT STUDY .................................................................................................136
Set of standards studied .............................................................................................136
MC–SIMS for Mg isotopic analysis ..........................................................................137
LA–MC–ICP–MS for Mg isotopic analysis ..............................................................138
Solution MC–ICP–MS for Mg isotopic analysis ......................................................138
MAGNESIUM ION EMISSION DURING IN SITU ANALYSIS ......................................140
Fundamental differences for Mg ion yield between SIMS and
laser ablation ICP–MS ............................................................................................140
Possible origin of the complex matrix effects on ion yield for SIMS ......................143
MAGNESIUM INSTRUMENTAL ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION ...................................145
Similarities and differences for Mg instrumental isotopic fractionation
between SIMS and laser ablation ICP–MS ............................................................145
Matrix effects during ionization of solutions in MC–ICP–MS ................................147
Matrix effects specific to in situ analysis ..................................................................149
MEASUREMENT OF THE THREE MAGNESIUM ISOTOPES.......................................152
vi
Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes(cid:561)(cid:561)(cid:557)(cid:561)(cid:561)(cid:22)(cid:138)(cid:139)(cid:149)(cid:142)(cid:561)(cid:152)(cid:143)(cid:561)(cid:5)(cid:152)(cid:151)(cid:157)(cid:142)(cid:151)(cid:157)(cid:156)
The need for high-precision in situ three Mg isotopes analysis in cosmochemistry .152
The question of potential isobaric interferences ........................................................153
The question of the mass fractionation law used to correct for instrumental
isotopic fractionation ..............................................................................................154
Mg instrumental mass fractionation law for MC–SIMS analyses .............................155
Mg instrumental mass fractionation law for LA–MC–ICP–MS analyses .................158
SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES ...................................................................................158
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................................159
REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................159
6
Lithium Isotope Geochemistry
Sarah Penniston-Dorland,, Xiao-Ming Liu, Roberta L. Rudnick
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................165
LITHIUM SYSTEMATICS ..................................................................................................167
Li in minerals .............................................................................................................168
Li partitioning ............................................................................................................168
Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation .............................................................................170
Diffusion and kinetic isotopic fractionation ..............................................................174
METHODS ...........................................................................................................................176
Whole rock analyses ..................................................................................................176
In situ analyses ..........................................................................................................177
EXTRATERRESTRIAL LITHIUM RESERVOIRS ............................................................178
The interstellar medium and the Sun .........................................................................178
Meteorites and their components...............................................................................179
Moon .........................................................................................................................181
TERRESTRIAL LITHIUM RESERVOIRS .........................................................................181
Mantle peridotites ......................................................................................................181
Basalts .......................................................................................................................188
Arc lavas ....................................................................................................................190
Continental crust ........................................................................................................191
Seawater ....................................................................................................................192
Rivers .........................................................................................................................193
Lakes..........................................................................................................................193
Groundwater ..............................................................................................................194
Hydrothermal fluids ...................................................................................................194
IGNEOUS PROCESSES ......................................................................................................195
Differentiation ...........................................................................................................195
Eruptive processes .....................................................................................................196
METAMORPHIC PROCESSES...........................................................................................197
Dehydration ...............................................................................................................197
Redistribution of Li through fluid infiltration ............................................................198
Diffusion ....................................................................................................................199
CONTINENTAL WEATHERING PROCESSES .................................................................199
Weathering profiles ....................................................................................................201
Rivers .........................................................................................................................201
LITHIUM AS A TRACER OF CONTINENTAL WEATHERING
THROUGH TIME..............................................................................................................204
vii
Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes(cid:561)(cid:557)(cid:561)(cid:561)(cid:22)(cid:138)(cid:139)(cid:149)(cid:142)(cid:561)(cid:152)(cid:143)(cid:561)(cid:5)(cid:152)(cid:151)(cid:157)(cid:142)(cid:151)(cid:157)(cid:156)
FUTURE DIRECTIONS ......................................................................................................205
Weathering processes and Li fractionation experiments ...........................................205
Continental weathering through time ........................................................................205
Geospeedometry ........................................................................................................206
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................................206
REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................206
7
Magnesium Isotope Geochemistry
Fang-Zhen Teng
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................219
MAGNESIUM ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS ...............................................................................221
Nomenclature ............................................................................................................221
Standard and reference materials...............................................................................222
Instrumental Analysis ................................................................................................229
Sample preparation ....................................................................................................229
MAGNESIUM ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS
OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESERVOIRS .....................................................................230
Magnesium isotopic composition of chondrites ........................................................231
Magnesium isotopic composition of differentiated meteorites .................................232
Magnesium isotopic composition of the Moon .........................................................232
MAGNESIUM ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE MANTLE .......................................234
Mantle xenoliths ........................................................................................................234
Oceanic basalts ..........................................................................................................236
Abyssal peridotites and ophiolites .............................................................................237
Continental basalts ....................................................................................................239
MAGNESIUM ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE OCEANIC CRUST,
CONTINENTAL CRUST AND HYDROSPHERE ...........................................................241
Magnesium isotopic composition of the oceanic crust..............................................241
Magnesium isotopic composition of the continental crust ........................................243
Magnesium isotopic composition of the hydrosphere ...............................................247
MAGNESIUM ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS OF CARBONATES ......................................250
Abiogenic carbonates ................................................................................................250
Biogenic carbonates...................................................................................................254
Carbonate precipitation experiments and theoretical calculations ............................255
BEHAVIOR OF MAGNESIUM ISOTOPES
DURING MAJOR GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES ............................................................256
Behavior of Mg isotopes during biological processes ...............................................256
Behavior of Mg isotopes during continental weathering ..........................................257
Behavior of Mg isotopes during magmatic differentiation .......................................263
Behaviors of Mg isotopes during metamorphic dehydration ....................................264
HIGH-TEMPERATURE MAGNESIUM ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION ...........................267
High-temperature equilibrium inter-mineral Mg isotope fractionation .....................267
Diffusion-driven kinetic Mg isotope fractionation ....................................................270
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ................................................................276
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................................278
REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................278
viii