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“While non- state actors have proliferated in contemporary global governance, Lüdert demonstrates clearly how essential they have been since the establish- ment of the United Nations in accelerating decolonization and fostering the rights of indigenous peoples. By probing the normative impact of non-s tates on challenging state sovereignty, this book extracts essential insights for addressing such current existential threats as climate change and pandemics.” T homas G. Weiss, CUNY Graduate Center “International Relations scholars are increasingly attending to non-s tate and sub- state forms of agency, revealing a richer tapestry of transnational political activity. By focusing on ways that non-s tate actors contest the founda- tional institution of sovereignty at the United Nations, Jan Lüdert’s book provides an important addition to this growing body of research. The findings are nuanced and thought- provoking, and presented in clear and engaging prose. Lüdert concludes that ‘State sovereignty is not only what states make of it – it is mutable when [non- state actors] can engage [intergovernmental organisations] to alter normative standards and prevailing practices of state sovereignty.’ This book thus offers a theoretically and empirically rich exam- ination of sovereignty’s inherent complexity and offers valuable guidance – and motivation – for future research and policy- making. The combination of theoretical sophistication and careful treatment of the case studies will appeal to scholars of international relations, global governance, and international law, as well as practitioners working within governments, intergovernmental and non- governmental organisations, and civil society.” A dam Bower, D irector, Centre for Global Law and Governance, University of St Andrews “Sovereignty as one of the core concepts in international relations and the north- south- encounter remains contested since answering how state sovereignty is contested requires investigating how authority works relationally, historically, territorially, and politically. The book ‘Non- State Actors at the United Nations’ offers a reflective contribution to the debate by focusing on the understanding and influence of these actors in various dimensions of challenging state sovereignty. The book thus not only offers a theoretical venue but also empirical insights into the ways national liberation movements and indigenous groups question the existing sovereignty and petition for their rights. The book is not only an important part of international law readings, but also political science and international organizations and helps to understand the long term processes of international(ized) politics.” M aria Ketzmerick, A kademische Rätin, Lehrstuhl für Soziologie Afrikas, Universität Bayreuth “Professor Lüdert defines what we may consider as a more sophisticated form of traditional lobbying, and avoids using the term to ensure attention is given to the long- term efforts by NSA to be heard. More importantly, throughout the book, we need to question the regular impact and long- term value of these efforts in ‘contesting sovereignty’. While long- time efforts are extremely well documented, there are some triumphs, albeit limited. The UN is a massive international bureaucracy, with many sovereign players, and only a handful of decision- makers: The Security Council. As such, all of the quixotic efforts by NSA have at best achieved limited success, particularly when measured against their effort. This book is of extreme value to study, understand, and perhaps redefine how NSA could be more successful.” Jessica De Alba- Ulloa, Director, Anahuac Center for Research in International Relations, Universidad Anáhuac México Non- State Actors at the United Nations This book explores the role and relevance of non- state actors (NSAs) in the international system by analyzing the ways these actors gain influence in the United Nations (UN). Offering a systematic, theoretical, and empirical account of how NSAs contest and potentially change state sovereignty through the UN the author considers the successes and failures of national liberation movements and indigenous peoples and examines how and under what conditions such a challenge is possible. This book will be of great interest to scholars and graduate students in the fields of international law, politics, history, human rights, and governance. It will be especially useful to those with an interest in the proliferation of non-s tate actors in the international system and the role and relevance of Intergovernmental Organizations. Jan Lüdert is Associate Professor at City University of Seattle where he serves as Director for Curriculum & Instruction. He is a current Visiting Research Scholar at the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies at City University of New York’s Graduate Center as well as a Research Associate with the German Research Fund “Dynamics of Security” project at Philipps Marburg University. His research focuses on the role and relevance of mul- tiple actors in global governance and the contestations of global norms. Non- State Actors in Global Governance Series editor: Math Noortmann Global Governance without the involvement of non- state actors is unthink- able. But the growing presence of a diverse group of non- state actors also makes the global governance process more complex. Understanding non- state actors’ role in global governance and their impact on global issues requires empirical research and impactful analysis from a range of institutions, discip- lines and fields of study. This series seeks to facilitate both non- state actor research as well as global governance research by providing a publication outlet that links both discourses. Observing a broad definition of non-s tate actors, including international organizations, and a wide range of global governance issues, it recognizes that non- state actor and global governance research revolves around a multiplex of actors, interests, norms, mechanisms and governance levels. For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Non- State- Actors- in- Global- Governance/ book- series/ ASHSER1196 Partners in Peace Discourses and Practices of Civil- Society Peacebuilding Mathijs van Leeuwen Civil Society and Nuclear Non- Proliferation How do States Respond? Claudia Kissling Closing or Widening the Gap? Legitimacy and Democracy in Regional Integration Organizations Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann and Anna van der Vleuten Choosing the Lesser Evil Understanding Decision Making in Humanitarian Aid NGOs Liesbet Heyse Non- State Actors at the United Nations Contesting Sovereignty Jan Lüdert Non- State Actors at the United Nations Contesting Sovereignty Jan Lüdert First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Jan Lüdert The right of Jan Lüdert to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-03-224462-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-03-224463-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-00-327899-3 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/ 9781003278993 Typeset in Times New Roman by Newgen Publishing UK Contents List of Tables ix Series Editor’s Introduction x Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 Non- State Actors Using the United Nations to Challenge State Sovereignty 2 The Argument in Brief 3 Contributions to the Literature 5 Theory Development Through Comparative Case Studies 7 The Plan of the Volume 8 2 Contesting Sovereignty: Conceptualizations and Theories 10 Sovereignty: A Resilient yet Mutable Composite Institution 10 Contesting State Sovereignty Through United Nations Venues 22 Theoretical Dynamics 32 Conclusion 34 3 National Liberation Movements at the UN 39 Historical Context 39 Contesting Colonial State Sovereignty Through the UN 40 An Evolving UN in a Changing World 41 Humble Beginnings: UN Access and Including Self- Determination in the UN Charter 43 Standard Setting Phase 61 Normative Tipping Point 84 Norm Cascading Through the Decolonization Committee 89 Conclusion 97 4 Indigenous Peoples at the UN 107 Historical Context 107 viii Contents Indigenous Peoples Contest State Sovereignty Through the UN 108 Establishing Conditions for Access and Participation 109 Standard Setting Phase: UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations 118 Elaboration Phase in a State Driven Venue 135 Indigenous Peoples Permanent UN Seat 158 Conclusion 168 5 Conclusions 174 Summary and Findings 174 Theoretical Implications 178 Future Research 183 Bibliography 185 Index 215 Tables 2.1 Modes of NSAs’ Challenges, Demands, and Changes to Sovereignty Norms 14 2.2 Form of NSAs’ Access and Status 26