Non-State Actors as Standard Setters

606 Pages·2009·2.23 MB·English

by  Ed. by Anne Peters

NON-STATE ACTORS AS
STANDARD SETTERS
This analysis of ‘globalised’ standard-setting processes draws together
insights from law, political sciences, sociology and social anthropology to
assesstheauthorityandaccountabilityofnon-stateactorsandthelegitimacy
andeffectivenessoftheprocesses.Theessaysoffernewunderstandingsof
currentgovernanceproblems,includingenvironmentalandfinancialstand-
ards,rulesformilitarycontractorsandcomplexpublic–privatepartnerships,
such as those intended to protect critical information infrastructure. The
contributions also evaluate multi-stakeholder initiatives (such as the
ExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiative),anddiscusstheconstitution
of public norms in stateless areas. A synopsis of the latest results of the
WorldwideGovernanceIndicatorsresearchproject(WGI),arguablyoneof
themostimportantsurveysintheareatoday,isincluded.
anne peters is Professor of Public International Law and
Constitutional Law at the University of Basel and Vice President of
the Board of the Basel Institute on Governance. She was also visiting
professoratSciencesPo,Paris.
lucykoechlinisHeadofPublicAccountabilityattheBaselInstitute
onGovernance,andLecturerinDevelopmentStudiesattheInstituteof
SociologyandtheCentreforAfricanStudiesBasel(CASB),Universityof
Basel,Switzerland.
till fo¨rster is a member of the Board of the Basel Institute on
Governance and holds the chair for social anthropology at the
UniversityofBasel.HeisalsodirectoroftheCASB.
gretta fenner zinkernagel isamemberoftheAdvisoryBoard
of the Basel Institute on Governance after having been the Institute’s
Executive Director for three years. She currently advises international
organizations and governments on anti-corruption and governance
issues.

NON-STATE ACTORS AS
STANDARD SETTERS
Edited by
ANNE PETERS,
LUCY KOECHLIN,
TILL FÖRSTER,
and
GRETTA FENNER ZINKERNAGEL
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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CONTENTS
Listoffigures pageviii
Listoftables ix
Listofcontributors x
Acknowledgements xiii
Listofabbreviations xiv
Preface xix
MARK PIETH
1 Non-stateactorsasstandardsetters:framingtheissue
inaninterdisciplinaryfashion
ANNE PETERS, LUCY KOECHLIN, AND GRETTA
FENNER ZINKERNAGEL 1
PART I Newactorsandprocessesincontemporary
standardsetting 33
2 Localandregionalnon-stateactorsonthemargins
ofpublicpolicyinAfrica
DIETER NEUBERT 35
3 Conceptualisingtheuseofpublic–privatepartnerships
asaregulatoryarrangementincriticalinformation
infrastructureprotection
DAN ASSAF 61
4 Standardsettingatthecuttingedge:anevidence-basedtypology
formulti-stakeholderinitiatives
LUCY KOECHLIN AND RICHARD CALLAND 84
5 Newstandardsforandbyprivatemilitarycompanies?
LINDSEY CAMERON 113
v
vi contents
6 GovernancemattersVII:aggregateandindividual
governanceindicators1996–2007
DANIEL KAUFMANN, AART KRAAY,
AND MASSIMO MASTRUZZI 146
7 Contendingwithillicitpowerstructures:atypology
MICHAEL MIKLAUCIC 189
PART II Thelegitimacyandaccountabilityofactors
andstandards 213
8 Democraticgovernancebeyondthestate:thelegitimacy
ofnon-stateactorsasstandardsetters
STEVEN WHEATLEY 215
9 Legitimacy,accountabilityandpolycentric
regulation:dilemmas,trilemmasandorganisational
response
JULIA BLACK 241
10 Accountabilityoftransnationalactors:istherescope
forcross-sectorprinciples?
MONICA BLAGESCU AND ROBERT LLOYD 270
11 Non-stateenvironmentalstandardsasasubstitute
forstateregulation?
MARCUS SCHAPER 304
12 Limitingviolence–cultureandtheconstitution
ofpublicnorms:withacasestudyfromastateless
area
TILL FÖRSTER 324
PART III Theauthorityandeffectivenessofactors
andstandards 349
13 Standardsettingforcapitalmovements:reasserting
sovereigntyovertransnationalactors?
PETER HÄGEL 351
contents vii
14 Certificationasanewprivateglobalforestgovernance
system:theregulatorypotentialoftheForestStewardship
Council
STÉPHANE GUÉNEAU 379
15 PrivatestandardsintheNorth–effectivenormsfor
theSouth?
EVA KOCHER 409
16 Internationalcorporatesocialresponsibilitystandards:
imposingorimitatingbusinessresponsibility
inLithuania?
EGLE SVILPAITE 431
17 Legalpluralismundertheinfluenceofglobalisation:acase
studyofchildadoptioninTanzania
ULRIKE WANITZEK 465
18 Towardsnon-stateactorsaseffective,legitimate,
andaccountablestandardsetters
ANNE PETERS, TILL FÖRSTER,
AND LUCY KOECHLIN 492
Index 563
FIGURES
3.1 TheRegulatoryContinuumandPublic–PrivatePartnerships page65
6.1 171
6.2 171
7.1 Prism1–Ideology 196
7.2 Prism2–Motivation 197
7.3 Prism3–Methods 199
7.4 HierarchicalOrganization 201
7.5 NetworkedOrganizations(borroweddirectlyfrom
TheAdventofNetwar(Revisited)) 201
7.6 Prism4–Morphology 202
7.7 Atypologyofillicitpowerstructures 204
7.8 ‘Periodic’TableofIllicitPowerStructures 210
10.1 TheGlobalAccountabilityFramework 278
10.2 Cross-DimensionPerformanceinAccountability:Strengths
andWeaknessesofSectors 297
11.1 InternationalFinanceVolumes 319
viii
TABLES
4.1 TypesofGovernance page88
4.2 TypesofMSIs 95
4.3 EITICandidateCountriesandCPIRating 98
4.4 TableComparingRecommendationsoftheInternational
AdvisoryGroupofEITI(September2006)withthoseof
thePublish-What-You-Pay/RevenueWatchInstitute,Eye
onEITIReport(October2006) 103
6.1 SourcesofGovernanceDataUsedin2007UpdateofWGI 154
6.2 DistributionofDataPointsbyTypeofDatain2007WGI 160
6.3 WeightsUsedtoAggregateIndividualDataSources
in2007WGI 165
6.4 SummaryStatisticsonGovernanceIndicators 168
6.5 SignificantChangesinWGIEstimatesofGovernance
1998–2007 175
6.6 AgreementRatioforChangesinWGIEstimatesof
Governance,1998–2007 182
6.7 GlobalTrendsinGovernanceIndicators1996–2007
forSelectedSources 184
9.1 OrganisationalResponsestoInstitutionalProcesses 259
9.2 Oliver’sPredictionsofOrganisationalResponses 261
10.1 ListofAssessedOrganisations 284
10.2 InternalandExternalStakeholdersthattheIndexFocuseson 284
10.3 WhattheIndexMeasures;byDimensionandSector 286
10.4 KeyIndicatorsbyDimension 290
10.5 OrganisationsthatScoremorethan50percentAcrossThree
oftheFourDimensionsofAccountability 295
11.1 Long-TermExportCreditsbyCountryCategory
(overfiveyears)–(millionSDR) 313
11.2 TopTenMandatedArrangersofAfricanandMiddleEastern
ProjectFinanceLoans 315
ix
CONTRIBUTORS
dan assaf DoctoralCandidate,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofToronto,
Canada;LLB,BA(Economics)(TelAviv).
julia black Professor of Law and Research Associate, Centre for
Analysis of Risk and Regulation, London School of Economics and
PoliticalScience;DPhil.,BA(Hons)Jurisp.(Oxon).
monica blagescu Policy Services Coordinator, Humanitarian
Accountability Partnership (HAP) International, Switzerland; MA
(International Affairs, International University of Japan); BA (Political
ScienceandMassCommunications,AmericanUniversityinBulgaria).
richard calland Associate Professor of Public Law, University of
Cape Town; Director, Economic Governance Programme, IDASA, South
Africa; Member, International Advisory Group, Medicines Transparency
Alliance.
lindsey cameron DoctoralCandidateandResearchAssistant,Faculty
of Law, University of Geneva; LLM (International Humanitarian Law,
UniversityofGeneva);LLB(McGill);MA(History,UniversityofToronto).
gretta fenner zinkernagel Executive Director, Basel Institute
onGovernance,Switzerland;BA(InstitutdesHautesEtudesdeSciences
Politiques,Paris),BA,MA(PoliticalScience,FreeUniversityBerlin).
till fo¨rster Professor of Social Anthropology and Chair of the
Department of Social Anthropology, University of Basel, Switzerland;
DPhil.(FreeUniversityBerlin);MemberoftheBoard,BaselInstituteon
Governance,Switzerland.
ste´phane gue´neau Research Fellow, CIRAD (French Agricultural
Research Centre for International Development), Montpellier; Visiting
Professor, Sciences Po, Institute for Sustainable Development and
International Relations (IDDRI), Paris; MSc (Economics, University of
Montpellier); Doctoral Candidate (Management and Administration in
x