Table Of Content

International Law Studies Volume 88 Non-International Armed Conflict in the Twenty-first Century Kenneth Watkin and Andrew Norris J. Editors v^-""''- --Ilp^ 111 Naval War College Newport, Rhode Island 2012 . IN IfRNATIONAL LAW STUDIESSERIES The International I aw Studies ("Blue Book") series PRESIDENT,NAVAJ WAR COLLEGE was initiated by the Naval War College in 1901 to Rear Admiral John N. ( hristenson, USN ptoubtlhieshbreosasdayesr,utnrdeaetrissetsanadnidngarotifclienstetrhnaattcioonntarliblauwte PROVOST, NAVALWARCOLLEGE OPNAVINST 5450.207 (series) formally tasks the Ambassador Marv Ann Peters (R< Naval WarCollege with publishing the "Blue Book" 1>I AN. < 1 NTER FOR NAVAL WARFARE series. The thoughts and opinions expressed in this STUDIES publication are those of the authors and are not Professor Robert Rubel necessarilythoseoftheU.S.government,theU.S. De- (I(AIRMAN, INTERNATIONAL LAW partment ofthe Navyor the Naval WarCollege. DEPARTMENT Distribution Professor Michael N. Schmitt This series is not published on a calendar basis but CHARLES H. STOCKTON CHAIROF upon the availability ofappropriate topics and au- INTERNATIONALLAW thors. Distribution is limited generally to select U.S. Professor Kenneth Watkin government officials and agencies. Distribution is also made through the Federal Depository Library INTERNATIONAL LAW DEPARTMENT Program bythe U.S. Government PrintingOffice. Colonel Richard W. Rousseau, JA, USA Copies ofthis and other selected editions ofthe In- Professor Dennis Mandsager C('oamptmaainndAnedrrJeawmeJ.sNCo.rrKirsa,sUkaS,CJGAGC, USN tceormnmaetriconiaalllLyafwroStmuWdiielslisaermieSs. Hmeaiyna8lcsCoo.b,eIonbct.aEilneecd- Lieutenant Colonel George Cadwalader, USMC tronic access to individual articles published in the Major MatthewR. Hover, JA, USA series is available through LexisNexis. This does not constitute government endorsement ofeither Wil- COMMANDING OFFICER, NAVALWAR liam S. Hein 8cCo., Inc. orLexisNexisas a commer- COLLEGE, RESERVE UNIT (LAW) cial source and no official endorsement is intended Captain Kevin M. Kelly, JAGC, USN or implied. EDITORIALOFFICE Electroniccopiesofthisvolumeandotherselectedvol- International LawStudies umes may be located at the following website: http:// International Law Department www.usnwc.edu/Publications/Studies-Series.aspx. Naval War College (36) Permissions 686 Cushing Road Reproductionand reprintingaresubjecttotheCopy- Newport, RI 02841-1207 rightActof1976andapplicabletreatiesoftheUnited Telephone: +1-401-841-4949 States. To obtain permission to reproduce material Fax:+1-401-841-3989 bearingacopyrightnotice,ortoreproduceanymate- DSN: 841-4949 rial for commercial purposes, contact the Editorial E-mail: [email protected] Office for each use. Material not bearing a copyright Website: http://www.usnwc.edu/ild noticemaybefreelyreproducedforacademicorother non-commercial use;however,itisrequestedthatthe author and the International Law Studies series be credited and that theeditorbe informed. Forsale by the Superintendent ofDocuments, U.S. Government PrintingOffice Internet: http://bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax:(202)512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 978-1-935352-05-1 International Law Studies Volume 88 Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Non-international armed conflict in the twenty-first century / Kenneth Watkin and Andrew Norris, Editors. —J. p. cm. (International law studies 88) Includes index. ; ISBN 978-1-935352-05-1 (hard cover) 1. War (International law) 2. Combatants and noncombatants (International law) 3. Civilwar. 4. Humanitarian law. I. Watkin, Kenneth. II. Norris,AndrewJ. KZ6385.N66 2012 341.6'8—dc23 2012023820 — MEMORIAM IN This book is dedicated to the memory ofProfessor Leslie C. Green (1920-201 1) soldier, scholar of international law, independent thinker, mentor to many, dear friend, lovinghusband and father, aman who loved life and lived itwith grace, dignity and active intellect to the very end.