Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Pathology, Imaging, and Current Therapy

343 Pages·2015·8.391 MB·English

by  Andrew M. Evens, Kristie A. Blum (eds.)

Cancer Treatment and Research
Series Editor: Steven T. Rosen
Andrew M. Evens
Kristie A. Blum Editors
Non-
Hodgkin
Lymphoma
Pathology, Imaging, and Current Therapy
Indexed in PubMed/Medline
Cancer Treatment and Research
Volume 165
Series editor
Steven T. Rosen, Duarte, CA, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5808
Andrew M. Evens Kristie A. Blum
(cid:129)
Editors
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Pathology, Imaging, and Current
Therapy
123
Editors
Andrew M.Evens KristieA.Blum
Division ofHematology/Oncology Division ofHematology
TuftsMedical Center OhioState UniversityComprehensive
Boston,MA Cancer Center
USA Columbus, OH
USA
ISSN 0927-3042
CancerTreatment and Research
ISBN 978-3-319-13149-8 ISBN 978-3-319-13150-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-13150-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014956714
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015
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Contents
Epidemiology and Etiology of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Brian C.-H. Chiu and Ningqi Hou
Pathology of B-Cell Lymphomas: Diagnosis and Biomarker
Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Sarah L. Ondrejka and Eric D. Hsi
Pathology of T-Cell Lymphomas: Diagnosis and Biomarker
Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Alejandro Ariel Gru
Gene Expression Profiling in Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Joo Y. Song, Jianbo Yu and Wing C. Chan
Imaging of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Diagnosis
and Response-Adapted Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Tarec Christoffer El-Galaly and Martin Hutchings
Prognosis and Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Clare Sun and Adrian Wiestner
Biology, Prognosis, and Therapy of Waldenström
Macroglobulinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Jorge J. Castillo, Irene M. Ghobrial and Steven P. Treon
Current Therapeutic Strategies and New Treatment Paradigms
for Follicular Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Athena Kritharis, Jaya Sharma and Andrew M. Evens
Management of the Marginal Zone Lymphomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Barbara Vannata, Anastasios Stathis and Emanuele Zucca
v
vi Contents
Treatment Strategies in Mantle Cell Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Kami Maddocks and Kristie A. Blum
Management of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). . . . . . . . . 271
Boris Kubuschok, Gerhard Held and Michael Pfreundschuh
Current Management of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas . . . . . . . . . . . 289
M. Gooptu, R. Rhoades and B. Pro
Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Arun K. Singavi, Alexandra M. Harrington and Timothy S. Fenske
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Non-Hodgkin’s
Lymphomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Ibrahim Aldoss and Auayporn Nademanee
Epidemiology and Etiology
of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Brian C.-H. Chiu and Ningqi Hou
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) consists of many histologically and biologi-
cally distinct lymphoid malignancies with poorly understood, but possibly
distinct, etiologies. The patterns of incidence and time trend vary not only by
age, sex, and race/ethnicity in the USA, but also show significant geographic
differences, suggesting the potential role of infectious agents, environmental
factors,andlifestylefactorsinadditiontohostgeneticstatusinthedevelopment
of NHL. Important pathogenetic mechanisms include immune modulation and
chronicantigenstimulation.Epidemiologicstudiesinthepasttwodecadeshave
provided intriguing new insights on the possible causes of lymphoma and
support the idea that there is some mechanistic commonality of lymphomagen-
esis,butsignificantetiologicheterogeneityclearlyexists.Thisreviewpresentsa
summary of the current understanding of the descriptive epidemiology and
etiology of NHL and suggests areas offocus for future epidemiologic research.
Keywords
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Epidemiology Lymphoma Immunomodulation Infections Diet Alcohol
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Tobacco Obesity Reproductivefactors Occupation Chemicalexposures
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Bloodtransfusion Autoimmunedisease Allergy Medications Radiation
(cid:1)
Hair dyes Genetics
B.C.-H.Chiu(&)(cid:1)N.Hou
DepartmentofPublicHealthSciences,UniversityofChicago,5841SouthMarylandAvenue,MC
2000,Chicago,IL60637,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
B.C.-H.Chiu
UniversityofChicagoComprehensiveCancerCenter,Chicago,IL,USA
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 1
A.M.EvensandK.A.Blum(eds.),Non-HodgkinLymphoma,
CancerTreatmentandResearch165,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-13150-4_1
2 B.C.-H.ChiuandN.Hou
Contents
1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 2
2 DescriptiveEpidemiology..................................................................................................... 2
2.1 HistologicClassificationandDiseaseSites................................................................. 2
2.2 Incidence....................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 TimeTrends.................................................................................................................. 4
3 Etiology.................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1 ImmuneModulation..................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Viruses.......................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 BacterialInfections....................................................................................................... 10
3.4 LifestyleFactors............................................................................................................ 10
3.5 OccupationalExposures................................................................................................ 13
3.6 HostFactors.................................................................................................................. 13
4 Conclusions............................................................................................................................ 14
References.................................................................................................................................... 15
1 Introduction
Non-Hodgkinlymphomas(NHL)accountforabout4.2%ofnewcancerdiagnoses
intheUSA[1].Itistheseventhmostcommonlydiagnosedcancerinbothmenand
women in the USA [2], with approximately 70,800 new cases (38,270 men and
32,530 women) expected in 2014 [1]. NHL is a heterogeneous group of malig-
nancies that arises from two distinct lymphocyte types, B or T lymphocytes, at
variousstagesofdifferentiation[3].While60–75%ofNHLdevelopsorpresentsin
the lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow, it can occur
inalmost anytissue andranges fromthe more indolent follicular lymphoma tothe
more aggressive diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt’s lymphomas [4]. Incidence rates
of NHL almost doubled between 1970 and 1990, but have stabilized since the late
1990samonggeneralpopulations[2,5].Theincreaseshavebeenmorepronounced
in whites, males, the elderly, and those with NHL diagnosed at extranodal sites.
Patterns of occurrence and intensive research efforts in the past two decades
strongly suggest the role of environmental effects and considerable etiologic vari-
ation among NHL subtypes. This review presents the descriptive epidemiology of
NHLandsummarizescurrentknowledgeaboutthepossibleetiologyofNHL,with
a focus on NHL subtypes for which data are available.
2 Descriptive Epidemiology
2.1 Histologic Classification and Disease Sites
NHL is presently classified according to the fourth edition of the World Health
Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues
EpidemiologyandEtiologyofNon-HodgkinLymphoma 3
Fig.1 Incidence Ratesof NHLsubtypesin theUSA,2000–2011, Surveillance, Epidemiology,
andEnd-ResultsProgram(SurveillanceResearchProgram,NationalCancerInstituteSEER*Stat
software (www.seer.cancer.gov/seerstat), Version 8.1.5. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End
Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.gov) Database: Incidence-SEER 18 Registries
ResearchData,Nov2013Submission(2000–2011)
thatdistinguishesbetweenprecursorandmatureneoplasmscorrespondingtostages
of differentiation [3]. Approximately 85–90 % of all lymphomas arise from B
lymphocytes and the remainder derives from T lymphocytes or NK lymphocytes
[3]. The two most common types of NHL are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
(DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma, accounting for approximately 35 and 20 % of
all lymphomas, respectively (Fig. 1) [2, 3, 6]. Nodal disease accounted for
approximately 65–70 % of all lymphomas in the USA [2]. The incidence of ex-
tranodaldiseasehasincreasedrapidlyduringthe1980sandearly1990sandisnow
accounts for 20–30 % of all cases, with the most common sites of origin the skin,
the gastrointestinal tract, and the central nervous system [2, 6–8].
2.2 Incidence
The annual incidence rate of NHL from 2007 to 2011, estimated from the Sur-
veillance,Epidemiology,andEnd-Results(SEER)ProgramoftheNationalCancer
Institute, was 19.7 cases per 100,000 persons, and it increased exponentially with
age (9.3 per 100,000 persons under 65 years and 91.5 per 100,000 persons age