non-electric applications of nuclear power: seawater - Publications

604 Pages·2008·9.62 MB·English

NON-ELECTRIC APPLICATIONS OF
NUCLEAR POWER: SEAWATER DESALINATION,
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND
OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
PROCEEDINGS SERIES

NON-ELECTRIC APPLICATIONS OF
NUCLEAR POWER:
SEAWATER DESALINATION,
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND
OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE,
OARAI, JAPAN, 16–19 APRIL 2007

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
VIENNA 2009
The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:
AFGHANISTAN GUATEMALA OMAN
ALBANIA HAITI PAKISTAN
ALGERIA HOLY SEE PALAU
ANGOLA HONDURAS PANAMA
ARGENTINA HUNGARY PARAGUAY
ARMENIA ICELAND PERU
AUSTRALIA INDIA PHILIPPINES
AUSTRIA INDONESIA POLAND
AZERBAIJAN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PORTUGAL
BANGLADESH IRAQ QATAR
BELARUS IRELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
BELGIUM ISRAEL
ROMANIA
BELIZE ITALY
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BENIN JAMAICA
SAUDI ARABIA
BOLIVIA JAPAN
SENEGAL
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN
SERBIA
BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN
SEYCHELLES
BRAZIL KENYA
SIERRA LEONE
BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
SINGAPORE
BURKINA FASO KUWAIT
SLOVAKIA
CAMEROON KYRGYZSTAN
SLOVENIA
CANADA LATVIA
SOUTH AFRICA
CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON
SPAIN
REPUBLIC LIBERIA
SRI LANKA
CHAD LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA
SUDAN
CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN
SWEDEN
CHINA LITHUANIA
SWITZERLAND
COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
COSTA RICA MADAGASCAR
TAJIKISTAN
CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAWI
THAILAND
CROATIA MALAYSIA
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV
CUBA MALI
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
CYPRUS MALTA
TUNISIA
CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS
TURKEY
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITANIA
UGANDA
OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS
UKRAINE
DENMARK MEXICO
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONACO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
ECUADOR MONGOLIA UNITED KINGDOM OF
EGYPT MONTENEGRO GREAT BRITAIN AND
EL SALVADOR MOROCCO NORTHERN IRELAND
ERITREA MOZAMBIQUE UNITED REPUBLIC
ESTONIA MYANMAR OF TANZANIA
ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
FINLAND NEPAL URUGUAY
FRANCE NETHERLANDS UZBEKISTAN
GABON NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA
GEORGIA NICARAGUA VIETNAM
GERMANY NIGER YEMEN
GHANA NIGERIA ZAMBIA
GREECE NORWAY ZIMBABWE
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FOREWORD

Today, nuclear power plants contribute about 16% to the world’s electricity generation.
Because electricity represents less than one third of the primary energy uses, nuclear energy
provides only about 6% of total energy consumption in the world. If nuclear energy were used
for purposes other than electricity generation, it could play a more significant role in global
energy supply. This could have also a significant impact on global goals for reduced
greenhouse gas emissions for a cleaner environment.
Nuclear power is the only large-scale carbon-free energy source that, in the near and medium
term, has the potential to significantly displace limited and uncertain fossil fuels. To do this,
however, nuclear power must move beyond its historical role as solely a producer of
electricity to other non-electric applications. These applications include seawater desalination,
district heating, heat for industrial processes, and electricity and heat for hydrogen production
among others. These applications have tremendous potential in ensuring future worldwide
energy and water security for sustainable development.
In recent years, various agencies involved in nuclear energy development programmes have
carried out studies on non-electric applications of nuclear power and useful reports have been
published. The IAEA launched a programme on co-generation applications in the 1990’s in
which a number of Member States have been and continue to be actively involved. This
programme, however is primarily concerned with seawater desalination, and district and
process heating, utilizing the existing reactors as a source of heat and electricity. In recent
years the scope of the Agency’s programme has been widened to include other more
promising applications such as nuclear hydrogen production and higher temperature process
heat applications. OECD/NEA (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency), Euroatom (European
Atomic Energy Community) and GIF (Generation IV International Forum) have also evinced
interest in the non-electric applications of nuclear power based on future generation advanced
and innovative nuclear reactors.
The IAEA organized a Symposium on Nuclear Desalination of Seawater hosted by Korean
Atomic Energy Research Institute in Taejon, South Korea in 1997. IAEA cooperated with
World Council of Nuclear Workers (WONUC) and the Moroccon Association of Nuclear
Engineers (AIGAM) on an International Conference on Nuclear Desalination held at
Marrakesh in 2002. In view of the widened scope of the Agency’s programme, it was
proposed to hold the next International Conference in 2007 on Non-electric Applications of
Nuclear Power. The objective of the conference was to share the experiences of Member
States already engaged in the development programme in this area with those having interest
and considering research studies.
This conference, held April 16–19, 2007 at JAEA, Oarai, Japan, covered various aspects of
non-electric applications of nuclear power utilizing combined heat and power (CHP). The
major focus was on desalination, hydrogen production or other fuel production as a
complement to CO -free energy sources and many newer industrial applications. This
2
publication contains the text of all the contributory papers, summary of the sessions and the
panel discussion at the conference. The proceeding will be useful to the scientists and
engineers interested in research and development of the non-electric applications of nuclear
power worldwide.
The IAEA officer responsible for this conference was I. Khamis. The local coordination was
by T. Nishihara of JAEA. The cooperation of OECD/NEA and IDA and the contribution of
the steering committee members and of the participants of the conference is also
acknowledged.
EDITORIAL NOTE
The papers in these proceedings are reproduced as submitted by the authors and have not undergone
rigorous editorial review by the IAEA.
The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating
Member States or the nominating organizations.
The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the
publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and
institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.
The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does
not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement
or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.
The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce,
translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights.
CONTENTS

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1

OUTLOOK FOR NUCLEAR POWER AND THE FUTURE OF PROCESS
HEAT APPLICATIONS (SESSION 1)

Nuclear energy outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
T. Dujardin

IAEA activities in support of rising expectation for the role of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
nuclear power and its non-electric applications
A. Omoto

Non-electric applications of nuclear energy – Possible scenarios and their effects:
The case of Japan . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
K. Matsui, K. Kunitomi

Potential for nuclear process heat application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
K. Verfondern

Integration of desalination, power, environment and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
L. Awerbuch

NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR NON-ELECTRIC APPLICATIONS:
TECHNOLOGY AND SAFETY (SESSION 2)

Opportunities, challenges and strategies for innovative SMRs incorporating . . . . . . . .. 72
non-electrical applications
V. Kuznetsov

The Indian high temperature reactor programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
Indravadan Dulera, Ratan Kumar Sinha

Feasibility study on deployment of the first unit of RUTA-70 reactor in Obninsk:
district heating, technological, and medical applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
Yu.S. Cherepnin, A.A. Romenko, F.Ye. Yermoshi
V.M. Poplavski, Yu.D. Baranaev, V.A. Sozonyuk

Pre-conceptual hydrogen production modular helium reactor designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

M. Richards, A. Shenoy, M. Campbell

Non-electricity application of nuclear energy: some general issues and prospects . . . . 110
Y. Kuznetsov, B.A. Gabaraev

Conceptual system design of non-nuclear grade IS process to be coupled
with the HTTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 121
Nariaki Sakaba, Hiroyuki Sato, Hirofumi Ohashi, Tetsuo Nishihara,
KazuhikoKunitomi
Status of nuclear hydrogen production technology development in Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
J. Chang

Hydrogen production options for water cooled nuclear power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
M. Petri, E. Klickman, M. Hori

Nuclear power for the production of liquid hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
M A. Fütterer

High temperature process heat generation with medium temperature heat source . . . . . . 153
A. Marmier, M.A. Fütterer

ECONOMICS AND DEMAND FOR NON-ELECTRIC APPLICATIONS
(SESSION 3)

Allocating costs for non electricity products from generation IV nuclear energy systems 163
G. Rothwell, E. Bertel, K. Ono

The Japanese industrial activities on non-electrical applications of nuclear energy,
mainly related to HTGR plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Y. Tsuchie

A comprehensive economic evaluation of integrated desalination systems, using
renewable fossil-fuelled based and nuclear energies and including their
environmental costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
S. Nisan, N. Benzarti

Economic evaluation of nuclear desalination in the north eastern region of Brazil . . . . . 199
Martins Jr., Laercio

Economic-environmental effects analysis of process steam supplied by a 200 MW
nuclear heating reactor using the clean development mechanism (CDM) . . . . . . . 210
Li Tian, Jilin Guo, Yongqing Wang

Sensitive economic analysis of nuclear desalination by using (DEEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
D. Song, X. Ding

The IAEA desalination economic evaluation programme (DEEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
I. Khamis

Technical and economical evaluation of nuclear water desalination in Tunisia. . . . . . . . . 228
Amine Koched, Souad Baccouche, Mohamed Sadok Guellouz

Economic and financial assessment of nuclear desalination plant in Madura Island . . . . . 238
Sudi Ariyanto, Moch. Djoko Birmano, Suparman

HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS (SESSION 4)

A review of Canadian advances in thermochemical hydrogen production
with in the context of conventional hydrogen production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
A.I. Miller, R.B. Duffey, S. Suppiah
Survey on 20 years of research and development on nuclear process heat
applications in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
K. Verfondern, W. von Lensa

Integration of nuclear energy and chemical production: high temperature
gas cooled reactor for chemical syntheses of hydrogen, oxygen,
methanol and hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
H. Klefenz

Heterogeneous bunsen reaction: analysis and experimental study of
chemical absorption of sulfur dioxide and dissolution of iodine into
aqueous reacting system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
C.S.R. Prasad, H.Z Fani, S.B. Menon

A new approach to improve hydrogen yield for HIX system of IS process . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Sadhana Mohan, Kalyan Bhanja, Rajesh Kumar, V.K. Tangri

The future of nuclear energy as primary source for clean hydrogen energy
system in developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
K. Ahmed, H. Shaaban

Closed cycle and continuous operations by a thermo-chemical water-splitting
IS process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 293
Shinji Kubo, Hirofumi Ohashi, Akihiro Kanagawa, Seiji Kasahara,
Yoshiyuki Imai, Reiko Miyashita, Yasuhiro Tago, Hiroshi Fukui,

Tshiki Nishibayashi, Masanori Shimazaki, Kaoru Onuki

Modeling of evaporation and decomposition processes of H2 SO4 in SI cycle . . . . . . . . 302
J. H. Kim, Y.J. Shin, K.Y. Lee, J.H. Chang

Carbon recycle nuclear hydrogen carrier system using nuclear power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Yukitaka Kato, Ken-ichiro Otsuka, Junichi Ryu

Computational analysis of a packed column for SO3 decomposition in
sulfur-iodine process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Young-Joon Shin, Jae-Hyuk Choi, Nam-il Tak, Ki-Young Lee, Jonghwa Chang

Conceptual design of a natural circulation cooled nuclear battery for
process heat applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
S.J. de Zwaan, J.L. Kloosterman, R.J. Linssen, T.H.J.J. van der Hagen,
G.C. van Uitert

Development of a new thermo-chemical and electrolytic hybrid hydrogen
production process for sodium cooled FBR – Status and future plan . . . . . . . . . . . 329
T. Nakagiri, T. Takai, T. Asayama, Y. Inagaki

The value of product flexibility in nuclear hydrogen technologies:
A real options analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 336
A. Botterud, B. Yıldız, G. Conzelmann, M.C. Petri
Role of high temperature reactors in synthetic fuel production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
R. Greyvenstein, W. Kriel, C. Bolthrunis, G. Claassen,
S. Penfield, M. Correia

Status of the sulfur-iodine engineering demonstration loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
B. Buckingham

Verification tests performed for development of an integral type reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
M.K. Chung, D.J. Lee, S. H.Kim

Hydrogen production and delivery analysis in U.S. markets: Cost, energy
and greenhouse gas emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
M. Mintz, J. Gillette and A. Elgowainy

Status of PBMR process heat plant project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
W. Kriel, R. Greyvenstein, M. Correia, G. Claassen

NUCLEAR SEAWATER DESALINATION AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
(SESSION 5)

An overview of global activities in nuclear desalination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

I. Khamis, P. K. Tewari

The contribution of the AAEA in desalination projects in the Arab countries . . . . . . . 393
Mahmoud Nasreddine, Daw S Mosbah

Nuclear desalination activities and prospects in the Arab countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Mohamed M. Megahed

Desalination and water reuse – A technology for the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
G. Ejjeh

Suggested programme for developing Sinai desert community using nuclear energy . . 429
Shokry D. Bedrose

Prospect on desalination by using nuclear energy in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Geni Rina Sunaryo, Puradwi Ismu Wahyono

Conceptual design of desalination plant using PBMR as heat source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

J.P. van Ravenswaay, R. Greyvenstein, G. du Plessis

Feasibility study for nuclear desalination plant construction in Madura Island . . . . . . . 451
Bambang Suprawoto, Aziz Jakfar, Ida Ekawati

The economic prospect of nuclear desalination in Yeman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
M.Y. Bahran, M. Mansoor

Non electrical applications within Gen IV reactor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

S. Herring et al, J.J. Hartvigsen et al