Non-Destructive Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Structures. Deterioration Processes and Standard Test Methods

254 Pages·2010·6.326 MB·English

by  C. Maierhofer, H-W. Reinhardt and G. Dobmann (Eds.)

Non-destructive evaluation of reinforced
concrete structures
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Related titles:
Strengthening and rehabilitation of civil infrastructures using fi bre-reinforced polymer
(FRP) composites
(ISBN 978-1-84569-448-7)
The book discusses the mechanical and in-service properties, the relevant manufac-
turing techniques and aspects related to externally bonded FRP composites to
strengthen/rehabilitate/retrofi t civil engineering structural materials. The book
focuses on: mechanical properties of the FRP materials used; analysis and design
of strengthening/rehabilitating/retrofi tting beams and columns manufactured from
reinforced concrete (RC), metallic and masonry materials; failure modes of strength-
ening systems; site preparation of the two adherend materials; durability issues;
quality control, maintenance and repair of structural systems; case studies.
Developments in the formulation and reinforcement of concrete
(ISBN 978-1-84569-63-6)
Developments in the formulation and reinforcement of concrete are of great topical
interest to the construction industry worldwide, with applications in high-rise,
offshore, nuclear and bridge structures, and in pre-cast concrete. This authoritative
book addresses in one source the current lack of information on the latest develop-
ments in the formulation and reinforcement of concrete. The book discusses the
latest types of reinforced concrete and reinforcement and includes chapters on hot
weather concreting, cold weather concreting and the use of recycled materials in
concrete. It presents current research from leading innovators in the fi eld.
Failure, distress and repair of concrete structures
(ISBN 978-1-84569-408-1)
Many concrete structures around the world have reached or exceeded their design
life and are showing signs of deterioration. Any concrete structure which has
de teriorated or has sustained damage is a potential hazard. Understanding and
recognising failure mechanisms in concrete structures is a fundamental prerequisite
to determining the type of repair or whether a repair is feasible. Failure, distress
and repair of concrete structures provides in-depth coverage of concrete deteriora-
tion and damage, as well as looking at the various repair technologies available.
The fi rst part of the book describes failure mechanisms in concrete including causes
and types of failure. The second part examines the repair of concrete structures
including methods, materials, standards and durability.
Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing materials books can be obtained
by:
• visiting our website at www.woodheadpublishing.com
• contacting Customer Services (e-mail: [email protected]; fax: +44
(0) 1223 893694; tel.: [phone] ext. 130; address: Woodhead Publish-
ing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21
6AH, UK)
If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your
address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; e-mail: francis.
[email protected]). Please confi rm which subject areas you are
interested in.
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Non-destructive
evaluation of
reinforced concrete
structures
Volume 1: Deterioration processes
and standard test methods
Edited by
Christiane Maierhofer, Hans-Wolf Reinhardt
and Gerd Dobmann
Oxford Cambridge New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari
Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India
www.woodheadpublishingindia.com
Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA
First published 2010, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
The authors have asserted their moral rights.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded
sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but
the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all
materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with
this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or
indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfi lming
and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited.
The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for
general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specifi c
permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for
such copying.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation, without intent
to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-560-6 (book)
Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-953-6 (e-book)
CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-2976-9
CRC Press order number: N10170
The publishers’ policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a
sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is
processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the
publishers ensure that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable
environmental accreditation standards.
Typeset by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited, Hong Kong
Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, UK
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contributor contact details
(* = main contact) Chapter 1
Marios Soutsos* and Prof. John H.
Bungey
University of Liverpool
Editors
Liverpool
Christiane Maierhofer* L69 3BX
BAM Federal Institute for United Kingdom
Materials Research and Testing Email: [email protected]
Division VIII.4
Unter den Eichen 87 Chapter 2
12205 Berlin
H. W. Reinhardt
Germany
Department of Construction
Email: christiane.maierhofer@
Materials
bam.de
University of Stuttgart
Pfaffenwaldring 4
H. W. Reinhardt
D-70569 Stuttgart
Department of Construction
Germany
Materials
Email: [email protected].
University of Stuttgart
de
Pfaffenwaldring 4
D-70569 Stuttgart
Chapter 3
Germany
Email: [email protected]. Prof. Denys Breysse
de Université Bordeaux 1
Ghymac
G. Dobmann Avenue des Facultés
Fraunhofer-IZFP 33405 Talence cedex
Campus E 3 1 France
66123 Saarbrücken Email: d.breysse@
Germany ghymac.u-bordeaux1.fr
Email: gerd.dobmann@izfp.
fraunhofer.de
ix
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
x Contributor contact details
Chapter 4 Chapter 7
Ch. Gehlen*, S. von Greve- R. Holst
Dierfeld and K. Osterminski Department ‘Bridges and
Centre for Building Materials Structural Technology’
Technische Universität München Section ‘Maintenance of
Baumbachstraße 7 Engineering Structures’
D-81245 München Federal Highway Research
Germany Institute (BASt)
Email: [email protected] Bruederstrasse 53
51427 Bergisch Gladbach
Chapter 5 Germany
Email: [email protected]
Dir. u. Prof. Dr Birgit Meng*, Dr
Urs Müller and Dr Katrin
Chapter 8
Rübner
BAM Federal Institute for Dr Timo G. Nijland* and Dr Joe
Materials Research and Testing A. Larbi (Deceased)
Division VII.1 – Building Materials TNO Built Environment and
Unter den Eichen 87 Geosciences
12205 Berlin PO Box 49
Germany 2600 AA Delft
Email: [email protected]; The Netherlands
[email protected]; Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Chapter 9
Chapter 6
Dr Urs Müller*, Dir. u. Prof. Dr
Univ. Prof. Dr-Ing. Harald S. Birgit Meng and Dr Katrin
Müller Rübner
Universität Karlsruhe BAM Federal Institute for
Institut für Massivbau und Materials Research and Testing
Baustofftechnologie Division VII.1 – Building Materials
Kaiserstraße 12 Unter den Eichen 87
D-76128 Karlsruhe 12205 Berlin
Germany Germany
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected]
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contributor contact details xi
Chapter 10 Chapter 11
Robin E. Beddoe Dr Katrin Rübner*, Dir. u. Prof.
Centre for Building Materials Dr Birgit Meng and Dr Urs
Technische Universität München Müller
Baumbachstraße 7 BAM Federal Institute for
D-81245 München Materials Research and Testing
Germany Division VII.1 – Building Materials
Email: [email protected] Unter den Eichen 87
12205 Berlin
Germany
Email: [email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected]
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Preface
The scientifi c and technological development of non-destructive testing
(NDT) of materials is based on the interdisciplinary integration of a variety
of different and complementary scientifi c and engineering methods. In
addition to physics, material science is essential. The development of test
systems requires additional handling technology and robotics, electronic
hardware, computer science and software as well as mathematical algo-
rithms for the numerical simulation.
The current state of research and development in the sub-disciplines
determines which one takes over the leading role in systems engineering.
In the past, the primary driver for NDT innovations came from physics. A
signifi cant step forward by introducing new types of sensor principles was
achieved, for example, in digital industrial radiology and x-ray computer
tomography, in low-frequency electromagnetic testing, and in thermogra-
phy. New trends in development are the integration of system functions in
miniaturized digital circuits or by completely processing the inspection data
on the software level, resulting in signifi cant power savings and higher
system reliability. More NDT applications are now possible in real time.
NDT methods are widely used in several industry branches. A variety of
advanced NDT methods is available for metallic or composite materials.
However, in civil engineering, NDT methods are still not established for
regular inspections and worldwide only a few standardized procedures
exist. Guidelines for NDT are currently applied only in special cases, mostly
for damage assessment. In recent years, rapid, high-level progress was
achieved in the development of technology, data analysis and recon-
struction, automation, and measurement strategies. Much knowledge and
experience were gained and data acquisition was simplifi ed. Therefore, the
intention of this publication is to raise awareness within the civil engineer-
ing community about the availability, applicability, performance reliability,
complexity and restrictions in understanding and application of NDT.
The following chapters cover a major part of the current knowledge and
state-of-the-art in this fi eld. This information is arranged as follows.
xiii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
xiv Preface
Volume 1 describes the deterioration processes in reinforced concrete
and related testing problems (Part I) and several conventional/standard
testing methods (Part II) for the analysis of concrete components, internal
structure and large structural elements. In Volume 2, strategies about plan-
ning and implementing NDT campaigns on reinforced concrete structures
are outlined (Part I). This part is followed by chapters detailing the indi-
vidual NDT methods (Part II). Part III of Volume 2 presents selected case
studies.
Basic principles of the methods as well as practical applications are both
addressed, although the emphasis might vary within a chapter. It should
be mentioned that although several aspects have been considered by
involving three editors from different fi elds of knowledge, this selection is
incomplete. In order to achieve an entire and updated overview, the cited
references and conference proceedings should be used.
The editors hope that this book will be a helpful tool for practitioners in
applying the new technology, and can contribute to increase the safety,
reliability, and effi ciency of reinforced concrete infrastructure.
The editors would like to thank all contributors for their effort without
which the book would not have been possible. They also acknowledge
gratefully the patience and continuing encouragement of the staff of Wood-
head Publishing Limited and the perfect production of the two volumes.
Christiane Maierhofer
Hans-Wolf Reinhardt
Gerd Dobmann
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
1
Introduction: key issues in the
non-destructive testing of concrete structures
M. SOUTSOS and J. BUNGEY, University of Liverpool, UK
Abstract: In-place testing of concrete structures to assess durability
performance plays an important role in establishing long-term
infrastructure maintenance strategies. This role is considered in detail,
together with the development of relevant non-destructive test methods
and associated ‘Standards’ over the past 40 years. Examples of driving
factors are given together with illustrative industrial case studies,
including maintenance strategies, based on UK experience over that
period. Particular attention is given to the role of international
organisations and national industrial bodies in development and
dissemination of authoritative guidance documentation, including
recently introduced European Standards.
Key words: infrastructure, structural concrete, in-place testing, durability
performance, standards.
1.1 Introduction
Infrastructure is what supports our daily life: roads and harbours, railways
and airports, hospitals, sports stadiums and schools, access to drinking water
and shelter from the weather. Infrastructure adds to our quality of life, and
because it works, we take it for granted. Only when parts of it fail, or are
taken away, do we realise its value.1
1.2 Design, build and maintain
Concrete is, because of its versatility, comparative cheapness and energy
effi ciency, of great and increasing importance for all types of construction
throughout the world. Concrete structures can be durable and long lasting
but to be so, due consideration needs to be given at the design stage to the
effect that the environment to which the structure will be exposed will have
on the concrete. Degradation can result from either that environment, for
example frost damage, or from internal causes within the concrete as in
alkali–aggregate reaction. It is also necessary to distinguish between deg-
radation of the concrete itself and loss of protection and subsequent corro-
sion of the steel reinforcement. The ACI Committee 2012 defi nes concrete
durability as: ‘its resistance to deteriorating infl uences which may through
3
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010