Nomads on Pilgrimage: Mongols on Wutaishan (China), 1800-1940

495 Pages·2015·9.928 MB·English

by  Isabelle Charleux

NomadsonPilgrimage
Brill’s Inner Asian Library
Edited by
MichaelR.Drompp
DevinDeWeese
MarkC.Elliott
VOLUME 33
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedat brill.com/bial
Nomads on Pilgrimage
Mongols on Wutaishan (China), 1800–1940
By
IsabelleCharleux
LEIDEN | BOSTON
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Charleux,Isabelle.
Nomadsonpilgrimage:MongolsonWutaishan(China),1800-1940/byIsabelleCharleux.
pagescm.-- (Brill’sInnerAsianlibrary,1566-7162;volume33)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-90-04-29601-5(hardback:acid-freepaper)--ISBN978-90-04-29778-4(e-book) 1. Mongols--
China--WutaiMountains--History.2. Mongols--China--WutaiMountains--Sociallifeandcustoms.3.
Pilgrimsandpilgrimages--China--WutaiMountains--History.4. WutaiMountains(China)--History.5.
WutaiMountains(China)--Religiouslifeandcustoms.6. WutaiMountains(China)--Ethnicrelations.7.
Mongols--Antiquities.8. Inscriptions,Mongolian--China--WutaiMountains.9. Nationalism--China--
History.10. Anti-clericalism--China--History. I.Title.
DS793.W8222C472015
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2015012315
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⸪

Contents
Acknowledgements xi
List of Tables, Maps and Figures xiv
Note on Transcriptions and Other Conventions xvii
Correct Tibetan Spellings xviii
Introduction 1
FocusoftheBook 3
TheSourcestoStudyMongols’Pilgrimages 6
QuestionsofVocabulary 19
1 The Pilgrimage Sites of the Mongols: An Overview 28
SacredMountains—TheTibetanBuddhistandChineseBuddhist
 Cosmology 28
BuddhistPilgrimagesAbroad 30
PilgrimagestoReincarnationsandSaintsinMongolia 40
PilgrimagestoBuddhistMonasteries 48
PilgrimagestoMountainsandNaturalNuminousSitesofMongolia 53
Conclusion 60
2 The Invention of Wutaishan 62
EarthlyWutaishan 63
OtherworldlyWutaishan 83
HistoricalWutaishan 90
Conclusion 103
3 Political and Clerical Promotion of Wutaishan in the Qing and
Republican Periods 105
HowtheManchuEmperorsReshapedWutaishan 105
TheManchuEmperors’PromotionofWutaishan 115
TheWutaishanClergiesandTheirRoleinthePromotionofthePilgrimage 126
TheDevelopmentofSyncreticSchoolsintheLateQingandRepublican
 Periods 135
TheHigh-rankingLamasWhoContributedtoEmpoweringWutaishan 145
Conclusion 155
4 The Mongol Imaginaire of Wutaishan 157
WutaishanandtheCultofMañjuśrīinMongoliabeforetheQingPeriod 157
viii Contents
TheProductionofMongolianGuidebooksandMaps 162
MongolBuddhistImaginaireofWutaishan 177
Mongols’KnowledgeoftheAncientChineseHistoryofWutaishan 187
MongolPopularImaginaireofWutaishan 191
TheCultofWutaishan:ALatePhenomenon? 201
5 The Mongol Pilgrims: Sociological and Economic Aspects 205
AMajorSourceonthePilgrimage:TheStoneInscriptions 207
WhoweretheMongolPilgrims? 210
ThePilgrimagetoWutaishan:ARefugefromConflictsandEconomic
 Stagnation? 222
TheContributionofMongolHerderstotheWutaishanEconomy 226
MongolTradeonWutaishan 234
TheExpectationsofMongolPilgrims 237
MongolBurialonWutaishan 245
ThePilgrims’Journey 255
Conclusion:TypologyofPilgrims 275
6 The Mongols on Wutaishan: Interactions and Encounters 277
AccommodationandReceptionofPilgrims 277
GreatMomentsofCommunitas:TheFestivalsofWutaishan 282
MongolPilgrims’RitualPracticesandOfferingsatMonasteries 289
TheCircuitsoftheMongolPilgrims 306
WhenPilgrimsGoShopping 318
Wutaishan:AMainPlaceofContactbetweenChinese,MongolandTibetan
 Cultures 328
7 Mongolized Wutaishan and Mongol Wutaishans: Appropriation and
Substitution 338
AbsorbingtheMountain’sPower 339
TheCavesofWutaishan 349
MongolPilgrimagesRelatedtotheWutaishanPilgrimage 369
Conclusion:TheMongols’AppropriationofWutaishan 377
Conclusion 379
Wutaishan’sLegacyinMongolia 382
RuptureandRevival 383
TheReturnofthePilgrims 386
Contents ix
Appendices 393
Appendix1:MainMonasteriesofWutaishan,EarlyTwentiethCentury 395
Appendix2:AStudyoftheMongolianStoneInscriptionsofWutaishan 405
Appendix3:KhorchinSong“Utai-yinjam” 419
Bibliography 425
Index 462