Noetics PETER LANG New York (cid:121) Washington, D.C./Baltimore (cid:121) Bern Frankfurt (cid:121) Berlin (cid:121) Brussels (cid:121) Vienna (cid:121) Oxford L K AWRENCE RADER Noetics The SCIENCE of THINKING and KNOWING CYRIL LEVITT, EDITOR PETER LANG New York (cid:121) Washington, D.C./Baltimore (cid:121) Bern Frankfurt (cid:121) Berlin (cid:121) Brussels (cid:121) Vienna (cid:121) Oxford Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Krader, Lawrence. Noetics: the science of thinking and knowing / Lawrence Krader; edited by Cyril Levitt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Intellectual life—History. 2. Thought and thinking—History. 3. Knowledge, Theory of. 4. Empiricism. I. Levitt, Cyril. II. Title. CB151.K73 001.1—dc22 2009048240 ISBN 978-1-4331-0762-7 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. 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Printed in Germany Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Editor’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Editor’s Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxv Noetics and the Scientific Revolution of the 20th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii The Human Order of Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix Evolution of Homo Sapiens and Human Development . .xxxiii Self-Knowledge and Thinking about the Self . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii Speculation and Architectonic, Art and Literature . . . . .xxxviii Language, Linguistics and Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix Noetics and Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii Thinking and Computation, Noesis and Aesthesis . . . . . . . .xlvi Durkheim on the Social, Weber on Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii Identity, Persona, Self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xlix Obiter Dicta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv Introduction: On Intellection and the Intellectuals . . . . . . . . .lvii Part I: Noetic Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 The Science of Noetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Thinking and Knowing, Thought and Knowledge . . . . . .18 The Determination of Thinking and Knowing . . . . . . . . .30 Noetics and Human Learning. The Example of Chess . . .39 On Wisdom, Knowledge, Thought, and Doubt . . . . . . . . .43 On Mental Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Information and Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Mental Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Mind and Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Noetic Science. Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Noetics, General and Particular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Dyads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Speculative Architectonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 The Sources of Noetic Science. System of Nature and Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 On What Is Said and Left Unsaid in Thought . . . . . . . . .171 Prehistory and History of Noetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 vi / Lawrence Krader On Skill and Instrument, Techne and Organon . . . . . . . . .198 On Method of Noetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Noesis, Will, and Desire in Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Noetics, Philosophical Psychology and Empirical Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Part II: On the Question of Progress in Noesis . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Natural and Human Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Taxonomic and Mathematical Science; On the Question of Progress in Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 Science and Common Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Science, Reason, Contemplation, and Feeling . . . . . . . . .279 Science, Explanation, and Description of the World . . . .281 A Note on History of Science, Ancient and Modern . . . . . .298 The History of Science as a Problem of Noesis and of Noetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 External and Internal Factors in the Rise of Science . . . . . . .316 Part III: Philosophy of Science as a Problem of Noesis and Noetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Science and Philosophy of Science as Working Out of Systems, Methods and Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Reductionism as a Problem in Science and the Philosophy of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 Argument and Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 Reason and Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 Reason and Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341 Formal Laws and Substantive Principles of Thinking and Knowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349 Psychologism, and Some Further Thoughts about Logic and Paradoxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 On Formal and Substantial Paradoxes; Insolubilia . . . . . . . .358 Philosophy and Science as the Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 Early Science and Ancient Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Causes and Conditions of Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 On Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373 Theory of the Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376 Relation of Speech Sounds and Meaning; Theory of the Phoneme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 Contents / vii Langue, Langage, Parole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412 Internal Speech, Vocal Gestures, and Speech Treated in Therapy; Their Relation to Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413 Signals, Signs, and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Speech and Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418 Language as Ergon and Energeia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422 Semantics and Intellection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424 Human Universals, Universal Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426 Part IV: Noesis and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 Noesis and Society: A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 Noesis and Society: B. Objectivity and Subjectivity . . . . . . .446 Noesis and Society. C. Civil Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 Noesis and Society: D. Professionalization of Knowledge . .464 Self and Identity. Persona. Remembering and Forgetting . .478 Velazquez and the Problem of Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491 Self and the Problem of Mental Structure . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Reality and Illusion of the Self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 The Central Governor of the Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 World Views, Fictions, and Obiter Dicta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 Zeitgeist and World View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 The Scientific World View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517 The Anthropological World View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522 Obiter Dicta of Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526 Obiter Dictum and World View of Science . . . . . . . . . . . .529 Figurative Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530 Metaphor and Catachresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541 Human Science and Metaphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543 Aisthesis and Noesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549 Note on Semantics in Art History and Art Philosophy .559 On Imitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571 Appendix A: Archeology of Noesis Based on the Evidence of Language and Fable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583 Appendix B: Spinoza’s Distinction between Internal and External Mental Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .611 Acknowledgments Several individuals deserve to be acknowledged for their direct or indirect assistance in the editing and production of this book. The first is the author, Lawrence Krader, who did not live to guide his magnum opus through the editing and publishing process. The work itself stands as a monument to his vast learning and great erudition. I would also like to pay a debt of gratitude to his late wife, Dr. Barbara Krader, a gifted linguist and ethnomusicologist, who had been so supportive of me during those years when the fate of the Krader Project hung in the balance. Rod Hay, my learned friend and economic historian, helped in the early stages of the preparation of the manuscript, but died suddenly before we could work together on the configuration of the final manuscript. I’d like to thank both Rainer and Martina Winkel- mann for reading the manuscript and for their helpful comments con- cerning the relevance of “Noetics” to contemporary debates in German and North American sociology and anthropology. I would also like to acknowledge my gratitude to Sydney Golden- berg and Arthur Fish for their legal assistance over the years in helping to establish the Krader Project at McMaster. In addition to their legal assistance, both of them are keen intellectuals with whom I have enjoyed many hours of repartee and discussion over the years. I have also had the privilege of engaging with many others on matters related to this work and would like to mention in this regard my friends Alan Borovoy, Arthur Candib, Geoffrey Clarfield, James Deutsch (and the members of the Toronto Group of International Neuro-psychoanalysis Society,) Norman Doidge, Joseph Fernando, Doug Frayn, Abe Fuks, Louis Greenspan, Charles Hanly, William Robinson, Howard Spring, and Rainer Winkelmann. On the technical side, I’d like to thank Don Barclay and Kimberly Banfield, Don for helping to set up the computer equipment, web site, and other technical installations. His continuing help is greatly appre- ciated. Kimberly Banfield catalogued and physically arranged the Krader library in Hamilton and was responsible for the technical prep- aration of the camera-ready copy of this book. She was instrumental in setting up the office of the Krader project, in scanning many of the manuscripts and in preparing the hand-written manuscripts for digiti- zation. To Kim Kerr thanks for continuing to organize the Krader archives.
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