NMR Crystallography

472 Pages·2009·11.769 MB·English

by  Robin K. Harris (editor), Roderick E. Wasylishen (editor), Melinda J. Duer (editor)

EMR Handbooks
Based on the Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance (EMR), this monograph series focuses on hot topics and major
developments in modern magnetic resonance and its many applications. Each volume in the series will have a specific
focusineithergeneralNMRorMRI,withcoverageofapplicationsinthekeyscientificdisciplinesofphysics,chemistry,
biologyormedicine.Allthematerialpublishedinthisseries,plusadditionalcontent,willbeavailableintheonlineversion
ofEMR,althoughinaslightlydifferentformat.
Previous EMR Handbooks
NMRCrystallography
EditedbyRobinK.Harris,RoderickE.Wasylishen,MelindaJ.Duer
ISBN978-0-470-69961-4
MultidimensionalNMRMethodsfortheSolutionState
EditedbyGarethA.Morris,JamesW.Emsley
ISBN978-0-470-77075-7
Solid-StateNMRStudiesofBiopolymers
EditedbyAnnE.McDermott,TatyanaPolenova
ISBN978-0-470-72122-3
NMRofQuadrupolarNucleiinSolidMaterials
EditedbyRoderickE.Wasylishen,SharonE.Ashbrook,StephenWimperis
ISBN978-0-470-97398-1
Forthcoming EMR Handbooks
MRIofTissueswithShortT andT ∗
2 2
EditedbyIanR.Young,GaryFullertonandGraemeM.Bydder
ISBN978-0-470-68835-9
Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance
EditedbyRobinK.Harris,RoderickE.Wasylishen,EdwinD.Becker,JohnR.Griffiths,VivianS.Lee,IanR.Young,Ann
E.McDermott,TatyanaPolenova,JamesW.Emsley,GeorgeA.Gray,GarethA.Morris,MelindaJ.DuerandBernardC.
Gerstein.
The Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance (EMR) is based on the original printed Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance, which was first published in 1996 with an update volume added in 2000. EMR was launched online in 2007
withallthematerialthathadpreviouslyappearedinprint.Newupdateshavesincebeenandwillbeaddedonaregularbasis
throughouttheyeartokeepthecontentuptodatewithcurrentdevelopments.Nuclearwasdroppedfromthetitletoreflect
theincreasingprominenceofMRIandothermedicalapplications.Thisallowstheeditorstoexpandbeyondthetraditional
bordersofNMRtoMRIandMRS,aswellastoEPRandothermodalities.EMRcoversallaspectsofmagneticresonance,
witharticlesonthefundamentalprinciples,thetechniquesandtheirapplicationsinallareasofphysics,chemistry,biology
andmedicineforbothgeneralNMRandMRI.Additionally,articlesonthehistoryofthesubjectareincluded.
Formoreinformationsee:www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/emr
RF Coils for MRI
Editors
J. Thomas Vaughan
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
John R. Griffiths
Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
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ISBN978-0-470-77076-4(cloth)
I.Vaughan,J.Thomas(JohnThomas),1957-II.Griffiths,JohnR.,1945-
III.Encyclopediaofmagneticresonance.
[DNLM:1. MagneticResonanceImaging–methods.2. ElectromagneticFields.
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Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance
Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief
RobinK.Harris RoderickE.Wasylishen
UniversityofDurham UniversityofAlberta
Durham Edmonton,Alberta
UK Canada
Section Editors
SOLID-STATE NMR & PHYSICS
MelindaJ.Duer BernardC.Gerstein
UniversityofCambridge Ames,IA
Cambridge USA
UK
SOLUTION-STATE NMR & CHEMISTRY
JamesW.Emsley GeorgeA.Gray GarethA.Morris
UniversityofSouthampton VarianInc. UniversityofManchester
Southampton PaloAlto,CA Manchester
UK USA UK
BIOCHEMICAL NMR
AnnE.McDermott TatyanaPolenova
ColumbiaUniversity UniversityofDelaware
NewYork,NY Newark,DE
USA USA
MRI & MRS
JohnR.Griffiths IanR.Young
CancerResearchUK ImperialCollege
CambridgeResearch London
Institute UK
Cambridge
UK
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
EdwinD.Becker
NationalInstitutesofHealth
Bethesda,MD
USA
vi Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance
International Advisory Board
David M. Grant(Chairman)
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
Isao Ando Adriaan Bax Chris Boesch
Tokyo Institute National Institutes of Health University of Bern
of Technology Bethesda, MD Bern
Tokyo USA Switzerland
Japan
Paul A. Bottomley William G. Bradley Graeme M. Bydder
Johns Hopkins University UCSD Medical Center UCSD Medical Center
Baltimore, MD San Diego, CA San Diego, CA
USA USA USA
Paul T. Callaghan Richard R. Ernst Ray Freeman
(deceased) Eidgeno¨ssische Technische University of Cambridge
Victoria University Hochschule (ETH) Cambridge
of Wellington Zu¨rich UK
Wellington Switzerland
New Zealand
Lucio Frydman Maurice Goldman Harald Gu¨nther
Weizmann Institute Villebon sur Yvette Universita¨t Siegen
of Science France Siegen
Rehovot Germany
Israel
Herbert Y. Kressel C. Leon Partain Alexander Pines
Harvard Medical School Vanderbilt University Medical University of California
Boston, MA Center at Berkeley
USA Nashville, TN Berkeley, CA
USA USA
George K. Radda Hans Wolfgang Spiess Charles P. Slichter
University of Oxford Max-Planck Institute University of Illinois
Oxford of Polymer Research at Urbana-Champaign
UK Mainz Urbana, IL
Germany USA
John S. Waugh Bernd Wrackmeyer Kurt Wu¨thrich
Massachusetts Institute Universita¨t Bayreuth The Scripps Research
of Technology (MIT) Bayreuth Institute
Cambridge, MA Germany La Jolla, CA
USA USA
and
ETH Zu¨rich
Zu¨rich
Switzerland
Contents
Contributors ix
Series Preface xiii
Volume Preface xv
PartA:SurfaceCoils 1
1 AnHistoricalIntroductiontoSurfaceCoils:TheEarlyDays
JosephJ.H.Ackerman 3
2 RadiofrequencyCoilsforNMR:APeripateticHistoryofTheirTwistsandTurns
EiichiFukushima 9
3 QuadratureSurfaceCoils
ChristopherM.Collins,AndrewG.Webb 17
4 Double-TunedSurfaceCoils
BarbaraL.Beck 27
5 NestedSurfaceCoilsforMultinuclearNMR
ArthurW.Magill,RolfGruetter 39
6 QuadratureTransverseElectromagnetic(TEM)SurfaceCoils
NikolaiI.Avdievich 51
PartB:LoopArrays 63
7 ReceiverLoopArrays
StevenM.Wright 65
8 CoilArrayDesignforParallelImaging:TheoryandApplications
DanielK.Sodickson,MichaelA.Ohliger,RiccardoLattanzi,GrahamC.Wiggins 81
9 TransceiverLoopArrays
RandyDuensing 101
10 CharacterizationofMultichannelCoilArraysontheBenchtop
MarkA.Griswold 111
PartC:VolumeCoils 121
11 BirdcageVolumeCoilDesign
NicolaDeZanche 123
12 Double-TunedBirdcageCoils:ConstructionandTuning
JosephMurphy-Boesch 137
13 TEMBodyCoils
J.ThomasVaughan 147
viii Contents
14 TEMArrays,DesignandImplementation
CarlSnyder 169
15 TEMTransceiverHeadArrayCoilsforUltraHighMagneticFields
GregorAdriany 175
16 TransverseElectromagnetic(TEM)CoilsforExtremities
NikolaiI.Avdievich 185
17 AntennasasSurfaceArrayElementsforBodyImagingatUltra-highFieldStrengths
A.J.E.Raaijmakers,C.A.T.vandenBerg 197
PartD:SpecialPurposeCoils 209
18 CatheterCoils
ErginAtalar 211
19 Microcoils
AndrewG.Webb 225
20 CryogenicandSuperconductingCoilsforMRI
SvenJunge 233
21 LitzCoilsforHighResolutionandAnimalProbes,EspeciallyforDoubleResonance
F.DavidDoty,GeorgeEntzmingerJr 245
22 MillipedeCoils
ErnestW.H.Wong 259
PartE:CoilInterfaceCircuits 269
23 ReceiverDesignforMR
DavidI.Hoult 271
24 RadiofrequencyPowerAmplifiersforNMRandMRI
DanielP.Myer 299
25 ImpedanceMatchingandBaluns
DavidM.Peterson 315
PartF:CoilModelingandEvaluation 325
26 RadiofrequencyMRICoilAnalysis:AStandardProcedure
RostislavA.Lemdiasov,ReinholdLudwig 327
27 PracticalElectromagneticModelingMethods
Jian-MingJin 339
28 RadiofrequencyFieldsandSARforBirdCages
TamerS.Ibrahim 363
29 RFFieldModelingforDouble-TunedVolumeCoils
WanzhanLiu 377
30 RadiofrequencyFieldsandSARforTransverseElectromagnetic(TEM)SurfaceCoils
CanEyupAkgun 387
31 TEMCoilFieldsandSAR
JinfengTian 397
PartG:RFSafety 407
32 RFDeviceSafetyandCompatibility
JohnNyenhuis 409
33 RadiofrequencyHeatingModelsandMeasurements
DevashishShrivastava,J.ThomasVaughan 425
Index 437
Contributors
Joseph J. H. Ackerman Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 1134, Washington University,
SaintLouis,MO63130,USA
Chapter 1: An Historical Introduction to Surface Coils: The Early Days
Gregor Adriany Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research,
UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,MN55455,USA
Chapter 15: TEM Transceiver Head Array Coils for Ultra High
Magnetic Fields
Can Eyup Akgun Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis,MN55455,USA
Chapter 30: Radiofrequency Fields and SAR for Transverse
Electromagnetic (TEM) Surface Coils
Ergin Atalar Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, Bilkent University,
Ankara,TR-06800,Turkey
Chapter 18: Catheter Coils
Nikolai I. Avdievich Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520,
USA
Chapter 6: Quadrature Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Surface
Coils
Chapter 16: Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Coils for Extremities
Barbara L. Beck McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610,
USA
Chapter 4: Double-Tuned Surface Coils
C. A. T. van den Berg DepartmentofRadiotherapy,UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht,Utrecht
3508GA,TheNetherlands
Chapter 17: Antennas as Surface Array Elements for Body Imaging at
Ultra-high Field Strengths
Christopher M. Collins DepartmentofRadiology,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,Collegeof
Medicine,Hershey,PA17033,USA
Chapter 3: Quadrature Surface Coils
F. David Doty DotyScientificInc.,Columbia,SC29229,USA
Chapter 21: Litz Coils for High Resolution and Animal Probes,
Especially for Double Resonance
x Contributors
Randy Duensing InvivoCorporation,Gainesville,FL32608,USA
Chapter 9: Transceiver Loop Arrays
George Entzminger Jr DotyScientificInc.,Columbia,SC29229,USA
Chapter 21: Litz Coils for High Resolution and Animal Probes,
Especially for Double Resonance
Eiichi Fukushima ABQMR,Albuquerque,NM87106,USA
Chapter 2: Radiofrequency Coils for NMR: A Peripatetic History of
Their Twists and Turns
Mark A. Griswold Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
OH44106,USA
Chapter 10: Characterization of Multichannel Coil Arrays on the
Benchtop
Rolf Gruetter Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique
FederaledeLausanne,CH-1015Lausanne,Switzerland
Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva,
Switzerland
Chapter 5: Nested Surface Coils for Multinuclear NMR
David I. Hoult Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council Canada,
Winnipeg,Manitoba,MBR3B1Y6,Canada
Chapter 23: Receiver Design for MR
Tamer S. Ibrahim Departments of Bioengineering and Radiology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh,PA15213,USA
Chapter 28: Radiofrequency Fields and SAR for Bird Cages
Jian-Ming Jin DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,Universityof
Illinois,1406WestGreenStreet,Urbana,IL61801,USA
Chapter 27: Practical Electromagnetic Modeling Methods
Sven Junge BrukerBiospinMRIGmbH,Ettlingen76275,Germany
Chapter 20: Cryogenic and Superconducting Coils for MRI
Riccardo Lattanzi NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine,NewYork,NY10016,USA
Chapter 8: Coil Array Design for Parallel Imaging: Theory and
Applications
Rostislav A. Lemdiasov InsightNeuroimagingSystems,11CanterburySt.,Worcester,MA01610,
USA
Chapter 26: Radiofrequency MRI Coil Analysis: A Standard Procedure
Wanzhan Liu MedtronicInc.,Minneapolis,MN55126,USA
Chapter 29: RF Field Modeling for Double-Tuned Volume Coils