NiFtEinal Aeronautics and Space Administration

590 Pages·2007·41.35 MB·English

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NiFtEinal Aeronautics and Space Administration =A ---,?. .. . --,.
NASA SP-4 12
Test Projec
Summary Science Report
Volume I
Astronomy, Earth Atmosphere and Gravity Field,
Life Sciences, and Materials Processing
Prepared bq
NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
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EDITORIAL BOARD
The material submitted for the "Apollo-Soyuz Test Pro-
ject Summary Science Report" was reviewed by a NASA
Editorial Review Board consisting of the following mem-
bers: R. Thomas Giuli (Chairman), J. Vernon Bailey,
Richard R. Baldwin, Leland J. Casey, P. Donald Gerke,
John K. Holcomb, David N. Holman, W. Wilson Lauder-
dale, Harold Kernaghan, James M. Sanders, Robert S.
Snyder, Orion E. Tollefsbol, Lyle Vande Zande, and
William L. Young.
In two volumes:
Volume I: Astronomy, Earth Atmosphere and
Gravity Field, Life Sciences,
and Materials Processing
Volume 11: Earth Observations and
Photography
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project : summary science report.
(NASA SP ; 412)
1. Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. I. Title. 11. Series:
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
NASA SP ; 412.
TL788.4.L9 1977 500.5 77-11892
For sale by the ~ationaTl echnical Information Service
Springfield, Virginia 2215 1 Price - $13.75
Foreword
International cooperation was the keynote of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.
During the 3 years after the project was officially initiated by a US.-U.S.S.R. agree-
ment on May 24,1972, the great effort in coordination, communication, and integra-
tion culminated in the highly successful flight from July 15 to 24, 1975. The 9-day
flight marked the first time that manned spacecraft of two nations have met in
space for joint engineering and scientific investigations.
The principal objective of the project was to develop a compatible docking
system and rendezvous and crew transfer procedures that might be appropriate for
future international manned space missions. This objective was successfully
accomplished.
An additional objective of major importance was the program of scientific in-
vestigations conducted during the mission. A science program was planned by
NASA that made abundant use of the experimental opportunities afforded by the
mission parameters and spacecraft capabilities. The 2-day docked phase of the flight
was used to conduct three experiments that required joint scientific activities within
the two spacecraft. Subsequent to the docked phase, two additional joint scientific
experiments were conducted that required complicated, precise maneuvering of the
Apollo spacecraft relative to, and in the proximity of, the Soyuz spacecraft. The re-
maining unilateral phases of the mission were likewise used effectively by each
country to perform scientific experiments on a unilateral basis. In addition to the
five joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. experiments, the Apollo crewmen conducted 23 unilateral
experiments. Two of these were provided by the Federal Republic of Germany-a
further illustration of the international scope of the mission. Not only was scientific
research served by this mission, but worldwide space-science awareness was pro-
moted through extensive home television broadcasting and filming of flight experi-
mentation and in-flight science demonstrations.
This report discusses the joint experiments and the US.-conducted unilateral ex-
periments. It provides detailed descriptions of the scientific concepts and experi-
ment design and operation, and it presents the scientific results that have accrued
from approximately 1 year of postflight analysis. The scientific value of this inter-
national venture will contribute significantly to the development of future interna-
tional science collaboration on the Space Shuttle flights and other projects.
CHESTERM . LEE
ASTP Program Director
GLYNNS . LUNNEY
ASTP Technical Director

Contents
Page
SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS
R. T. Giuli
MISSION DESCRIPTION
S. N. Hardee
SOFT X-RAY OBSERVATIONS (MA-048) 39
S. Shulman, S. Naranan, W. Snyder, D. Yentis, R. Cruddace, H. Friedman,
G. Fritz, and R. Henry
EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SURVEY (MA-083)
S. Bowyer, B. Margon, M. Lampton, F. Paresce, and R. Stem
INTERSTELLAR HELIUM GLOW (MA-088)
S. Bowyer, J. Freeman, M. Lampton, and F. Paresce
ARTIFICIAL SOLAR ECLIPSE (MA-148) 85
G. M. Nikolskiy, A. I. Simonov, I. S. Kim, R. T. Giuli, M. D. Jenness, and
A. N. Lunde
CRYSTAL ACTIVATION (MA-151)
J. I. Trombka, E. L. Eller, R. L. Schmadebeck, C. S. Dyer, R. C. Reedy,
D. W. Burr, J. S. Gilmore, R. J. Prestwood, B. P. Bayhurst, D. G. Perry,
A. R. Smith, R. C. Cordi, R. H. Pehl, J. S. Eldridge, E. Schonfeld, and
A. E. Metzger
ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION (MA-059) 109
T. M. Donahue, R. D. Huhon, W. T. Rawlins, J. Anderson, F. Kaufman, and
M. B. McElroy
STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL MEASUREMENTS (MA-007) 127
T. J. Pepin, M. P. McCormick, W.P . Chu, F. Simon, T. J. Swissler,
R. R. Adams, K. H. Crumbly, and W.H . Fuller, Jr.
DOPPLER TRACKING (MA-089)
G. C. Weiffenbach, M. D. Grossi, and P. W.S hores
GEODYNAMICS (MA-128)
F. 0. Vonbun, W. D. Kahn, W. T. Wells, and T. D. Conrad
ASTP SUMMARY SCIENCE REPORT
LIGHT FI..ASH ORSERVAT!ONS (MA-106)
T. F. Budinger, C. A. Tobias, R. H. Huesman, F. T. Upham, T. F. Wieskamp,
J.-U. Schott, and E. Schopper
BIOSTACK 111 (MA-107)
Horst Bucker, M. Delpoux, S. Fogel, M. Freeling, E. H. Graul, G. Homeck,
A. R. Kranz, H. Planel, W. Ruther, U. Scheidemann, C. Thomas,
C. A. Tobias, B. Toth, T. Yang, 0. C. Allkofer, R. Beaujean, E. V. Benton,
W. Enge, R. Facius, H. Francois, W. Heinrich, D. Hildebrand, C. Jacquot,
R. Kaiser, J. P. Massue', E. Obst, D. D. Peterson, R. Pfohl, G. Portal,
G. Reitz, M. Schayer, E. Schopper, J.-U. Schott, and G. Siegmon
ZONE-FORMING FUNGI (MA-147)
T. D. Rogers, M. E. Brower, and G. R. Taylor
MICROBIAL EXCHANGE (AR-002)
G. R. Taylor, K. D. Kropp, M. R. Henney, S. S. Ekblad, A. A. Baky,
T. 0. Groves, T. C. Molina, J. G. Decelle, C. F. Carmichael, N. J. Gehring,
E. L. Young, I. L. Shannon, W. J. Frome, and N. R. Funderburk
CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE (MA-031)
B. Sue Criswell and Kathy Cobb
POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE RESPONSE (MA-032)
R. Russell Martin, Glenn A. Warr, Margaret J. Putman, Diane H. Kentor,
and Carolinda L. Holleman
KILLIFISH HATCHING AND ORIENTATION (MA-161)
H. W. Scheld, A. Baky, J. F. Boyd, V.B . Eichler, P. M. Fuller,
R. B. Hoffman, J. R. Keefe, K. P. Kuchnow, J. M. Oppenheimer,
G. A. Salinas, and R. J. von Baumgarten
ELECTROPHORESIS TECHNOLOGY (MA-01 1)
R. E. Allen, G. H. Barlow, M. Bier, P. E. Bigazzi, R. J. Knox, F. J. Micale,
G. V. F. Seaman, J. W. Vanderhoff, C. J. Van Oss, W.J . Patterson,
F. E. Scott, P. H. Rhodes, B. H. Nerren, and R. J. HarweN
ELECTROPHORESIS (MA-014)
K. Hannig, H. Wirth, and E. Schoen
MULTIPURPOSE ELECTRIC FURNACE (MA-010)
A. Boese, J. McHugh, and R. Seidensticker
SURFACE-TENSION-INDUCED CONVECTION (MA-041)
R. E. Reed, W. Uelhofj and H. L. Adair
MONOTECTIC AND SY NTECTIC ALLOYS (MA-044)
L. L. Lacy and C. Y. Ang
CONTENTS
24, INTERFACE MARKING IN CRYSTALS (MA-060)
H. C. Gatos, A. F. Witt, M. Lichtensteiger, and C. J. Herman
25. ZERO-G PROCESSlNG OF 'MAGNETS (MA-070)
D. J. Larson, Jr.
26. CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM THE VAPOR PHASE (MA-085) 47 1
H. Wiedemeier, H. Sadeek, F. C. Klaessig, M. Norek, and R. Santandrea
27. HALIDE EUTECTIC GROWTH (MA-131)
A. S. Yue, C. W. Yeh, and B. K. Yue
28. MULTIPLE MATERIALS MELTING (METALS), PART OF 501
EXPERIMENT MA-150
L. I. Ivanov, V. N. Kubasov, V. N Pimenov, K. P. Gurov, E. V. Demina,
Yu. S. Malkov, and V. M. Lazarenko
29. MULTIPLE MATERIALS MELTING (GERMANIUM-SILICON 5 39
SOLID SOLUTIONS), PART OF EXPERIMENT MA-150
V. S. Zemskov, K N. Kubasov, I. N Belokurova, A. N. Titkov, I. L. Shulpina,
V. I. Safarov, and N. B. Guseva
30. CRYSTAL GROWTH (MA-028)
M. D. Lind
APPENDIX A - Recovery of Atmospheric Parameters
From Radio Tracking Data of the Geodynamics Experiment
P. E. Schmid andS. Rangaswamy
APPENDIX B -Abbreviations and Acronyms
APPENDIX C -Units and Unit-Conversion Factors
APPENDIX D -Hardware Vendors
1. Summary of Scientific Results
R. T. Giulia
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project science and The Apollo crew participated in 28 scientific
technology program conducted by the Apollo and technological experiments during the joint
crew consisted of 28 separate experiments, includ- Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission of
ing 5 conducted jointly with the Soyuz crew. Cos- July 1975. These experiments included five con-
mic sources of extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray ducted jointly with the Soyuz crew and two pro-
radiation were discovered. The interstellar vided by the Federal Republic of Germany. In ad-
medium in the vicinity of the solar system was in- dition to these unilateral Apollo and joint Apollo-
vestigated. The solar corona was photographed Soyuz experiments, a number of unilateral Soyuz
using spacecraft occultation of the solar disk. The experiments were performed. This report sum-
radioactivation of potentially useful gamma-ray marizes only the 28 experiments falling into the
detectors by cosmic particle bombardment was first two categories. Together, the selected experi-
measured, and the effects of cosmic particle im- ments formed a well-integrated program of com-
pact upon living cells were investigated using plementary scientific objectives. In several cases,
three different techniques in three separate ex- related experiments used different experimental
periments. The concentrations of two atomic techniques in pursuit of similar scientific objec-
species and the aerosol component of the upper tives. The scientific results and operational ex-
atmosphere were measured by resonance absorp- periences from these experiments are being used
tion spectroscopy and solar extinction photom- to determine the best techniques to pursue in
etry, respectively. The Earth surface structure was future space missions. The experiments are listed
investigated using photographic and visual obser- by discipline and topic in table 1-1. The designa-
vations, and the subsurface structure was investi- tions in parentheses denote the notation used for
gated by gravity-field measurements employing the jointly conducted experiments. The 28 experi-
highly precise spacecraft-to-spacecraft tracking ments were selected from 161 proposals submit-
techniques. Zero-g effects on the embryogenesis ted from 9 countries (table 1-11).
of fish vestibular systems and on the rhythmicity The purpose of the ASTP Summary Science
of fungal growth patterns were investigated. Report is to provide, in one document, a complete
Microbial growth and microbial transfer among description of the experiment concepts, instru-
crewmembers were measured. Mixtures of mentation, and operations; and to describe their
biological cells were separated into pure samples results as provided by approximately 1 year of
by use of two different electrophoresis techniques. postmission analysis. The document is in two
Seven sets of solid materials were processed by volumes; the second volume will pertain to the
high-temperature melting, and one set was pro- Earth Observations and Photography Experi-
cessed by ambient-temperature diffusion. ment. This first volume pertains to all the other
ASTP experiments.
a NLynd~on B. ~Johns~on Spa ce Center.
ASTP SIJMMARY SCIENCE REPORT
Space sciences
Astronomy Soft X-Ray Observations
Extreme Ultraviolet Survey
Interstellar Helium Glow
Artificial Solar Eclipsea (AS-4)
Crystal Activation
Earth studies Ultraviolet Absorptiona (AS-5)
Stratospheric Aerosol Measurements
Earth Observations and Photography
Doppler Tracking
Geodynamics
Life sciences
Particle radiation MA-106 Light Flash Observations
effects on living cells MA-107 Biostack 111~
MA-147 Zone-Forming Fungia (AS-1)
Human immune system AR-002 Microbial Exchangea (AS-2)
MA-031 Cellular Immune Response
MA-032 Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Response
Vestibular system
Materials processing
Biological materials Electrophoresis Technology
~lectro~horesis~
Solid materials Multipurpose Furnace
Surface-Tension-Induced Convection
Monotectic and Syntectic Alloys
Interface Marking in Crystals
Zero-g Processing of Magnets
Crystal Growth From the Vapor Phase
Halide Eutectic Growth
Multiple Materials Meltinga (AS-3)
Crystal Growth
a~ointU .S:U.S.S.R. experiment.
b~ederaRl epublic of Germany experiment.
ASTRONOMY investigated in the Interstellar Helium Glow Ex-
periment lies within a few astronomical units
The astronomy experiments are listed in table from the solar system. The corona photographed
1-1 in order of the distance away from the Earth during the Artificial Solar Eclipse Experiment is
that the objects of study lie. The soft X-ray objects within approximately 50 solar radii from the Sun.
lie deep in our galaxy and even beyond our galaxy. Finally, two crystal detectors that have potential
The extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) objects lie within application for future gamma-ray astronomy
a few hundred light-years from the solar system, payloads were carried onboard the Apollo
and the portion of the interstellar medium (ISM) spacecraft to measure their susceptibility to