ebook img

NIAAA Spectrum Newsletter: V11(3): Fall 2019 PDF

2019·1.6 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview NIAAA Spectrum Newsletter: V11(3): Fall 2019

spectrum NIAAA Volume 11, Issue 3 | Fall 2019 | https://www.spectrum.niaaa.nih.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • National Institutes of Health • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism IN THIS ISSUE FEATURE ALCOHOL AND “DEATHS OF DESPAIR” FEATURE 1Alcohol and “Deaths of Despair” NEWS FROM THE FIELD 2Stepped Alcohol Treatment Improves HIV and Alcohol Outcomes SPOTLIGHT 2The Complex Relationship Between Alcohol and Pain NOTEWORTHY In 2015, Princeton University A subsequent study led by researchers 3New and Updated eAssoicnnomcgneeuo tstmhh Dienis egetas nut Adon nneo,xnf P peWh eCc.oDtarels.dd,e . r, W eAPpahfotr.erD ItreI .d,,d era acntrdees a soifn g afaootmf u Vgonrindrogg uai pnpnsie ai,on ipCcnlrcoeelm auasdgmeie nosing n2 wdn5eoe–ana6tl-4htHh si inUos pfan a divnveaiescrpri seaitityry HFmWWAaWAcinspWAnooraro nceeohnhhnuuahhrdl sauaaur»»»»» snst aamnnshnmttdteed huttiegdceqna,agbe r aroMotraraDaafGtTItAapo uIC,agneehahnhef ee suvfnsfncaeaqhoesnicy.a ri attea tsfla s e easlvdedin satuaint Axeatgsdust toioavpruerahtf g r l cneicit utias nlusetpt fe mmnshtcasireurrhse yesddHercseel exeeftpo aoidasloe etflea yraenrit mdnc,Noariaoforetiahltinpe,no u ,ypeecncshige,ne ndaan espfksnae rhingnai twahr k lryddflsdnte,sts oehletecseoH ayro At eeeigl isted. p nsbd i rlieo pxyafd,y tswtvAysn rsolts A asiaaeorgrfcc e oandlpgditeae lde ltoattangeihkcboerce sncem iainiveu , hra enhsicatnnlno:te n oiha sentlll,gi eoalee ac sl olla,ae aieAonae sic hIo npa, tsa, s gan w u lvproydlistlox ntnorod llsgwe:sv tr ao snc,?sscehesis hohAiphavif l: aeetrPtobrnaxi yo lsr tst, omeseioouavoflbeaross toAt imhuwdkneuaticmirnouaaulssbt?ugss hfrt,aelotm torlt,l ec te tdpreaitafor s couo h isdb c tel,yop irsoaS pauhtsto ebuoed,yiesrhisuo ahlilnh hnt r pefd eenyuthmodts r.i ttamrole to,nkoc ao c yi :etotoeem nT ntneamdapeh irhrglon e hs dmlnAs te:ahhdak spudt ies,-hdf esupatnots Aallroe ia rfrcia ouaciao n hnisesiyelepmovsritf ptntilc podnnlet meiagc ia eycehdoe vvoahfgshssphaidcor.nalstd raunisil mi. ie oem ctrotrssce clht Thglt yn yccdeeiTlrcnv. ahbohilnk eoaya.oa o n erg saaaseohntamy,neecdpplcnvcofld fos? susrmi- trs ,a ed hisetga leep t vleecais ,soeloebomssh i r oiemestrarais cdgyas caea eyn ohyevn irf lpuosmih ntctm dpbrsgadsdscaet ohtseesnatuhdm h: o ccrtu npr ynaeucfdtrtlgtaare ?eioyalhrcstgmodao l?t ir mtioenms a ir mstibeobio yto in be,ommp drrhsta lmnue asnreaeforvlwnpt ee oia.tne,soac tertlop e liheraair itt tahlnpm on drtoahvsseiatso..ye rcne e u iadtseisrtn hshm ssocagt, e f , e —h a cua.r onolrb insIDamaecWBiwathmhbwcTTttcbsTCbnllomeohhyn.aopotrny iirllexhhdlhhorppaa r ep eeaaeepnmobippvdniihpeiytiemnppccbmsey ncim l.anteynrmcere taenkk m oo teukrkeoep yhIitoayrOtAbbseo’ srooor tsnoyccttie yivos plt thairuemotrennroolreauu epaahmtrcmflu heem i ntvrenrAinrsgetncyhoHotrtt»»aemme nceetone eee”,pioee gu sc so deh n am ltccrrntoafxdtcrttt mi pp amiuaoo.yoar ervesal g ohoeatoNnt iapCopTtastccfSaPsarafyl hgmcpuuwnrl vBlsWooefie ipuye oommecldfS ruorh iet rg rl n oIcsieaeneNta essldwnrdcenoh tHlriebB rsinuootled moluairefiotmr nooksfi,a siahntn ,wvdflr raeo d-si ehgltdcri s heepttrbef tih teiig dlttgsmkhmsv.coitaeaoer t seorasmeho eiuesocpndea seh.dlyotoomdd es s oshe.areemonr i em,sntc dmo sr wyne sa ks eapnsesiclt ccltoan rn .gph.im e tpbegir u s mi mea efe ltiuewamn.ceidomao atateh wepaohknaTm T oaucIdr opshs yhsti arn bSmc snrq orTrumm anahok l,tsabtrcstappi Mtsrpo tahf e uewilssia rrtesao aytdctikvrneie oiuto hp nnhuyeoriieoaeet nnon ettecenahtheeon ueiesettsanamto cuo u gedrghavnoteenffog:afnatiaeihr keyvre t/sor nsamf utsront cem nnharcteece /y hha nps tens eyxnaires pio wedsh ae m ttbghwnrnntutcnsyccn oh iidr sT tplv.i penw caaghsbbvsayctnecfen coamngl l elr ec?cau tigpeae p ec“haDw Tsgow aneineir ohi os.ousastaroA gflabaftfr nslr al io.rpscvrfnfa.c megeaeeirlncemmlaihtueznp lntsflie,ci oeuc incs p easouie,loeegtp kost.r taonaoIrnobreter dt coos arets ptndn aa.n bh hsmnrgcsiheoswohrrfeimvoehlem osdenlCwn ao.hllneoe io Ddci c rosa nlem a mev.uots nvpnane wtltnoti d ltccevot edoyeuoes(lHLalpTwpRmWStWAAtrLWa*tthgnwdWpwochenppaiAriubtnr aecaiohtlso Seigl h dhohelinaohoc lr hoh ie neTf snfb wr,,coilrpirolruleroiieobktr.shsyiafeueentl ov eoltih oelr lgooaccv tv taa nuikouydecn eeehosunt;a hn.swstcyooehtws i eintos“e aumuaohhain dhsasich fc botmots eeehhavd ltsotngmmars rtmasdgi uodemdtmdt vIshi tiitstothherneisgidnl foiouein,emaera ce,i yahhaletrr rno noitieh :ttsus,a• soepa bihtiev eaoi f,gwmltp do -m hr tdttap aeytee tnehnrcnr gon aoose w ai nogpt3oobieostm D mcems noaudo nyao ltt dhDor a0lAesffnnrn o otDie :nllathre sog naely tro/.c1 -i aehanrrvtaA’ srlAa ochon/Ha uem icrn.v. s, toasiplrd. memaaeui ei nsnehl ro4imnwchm wncoiei csUueernmes hrsl esrmglmla4 ssorrnshsdh ah bb tasiokeasgce yrrs,3el rahe eachessho ses ”rsh aaee hso.aane ,W lsi,dogoan r lh.3 a uohaeoosan n tenot o nmaib iat o le ow8gltpitiwwohnl ioetdynoassensacso oa ltdt6 ctghmn nhfmsyoxira D®obea0tei outehd,d ii ohe n tldog hhewltsd enai amk c mordtfu swsehue. i1wm imAd.rh hoiroegoinn neyehtost wsa xcti eUnatt e p iieotoolrnu (rho oy e aeassdd ihlioDoa ep.bdtomatm.hcLcausllnmlklmspg,3 wrw af, ha -rt- eoe wrfluoowtaobnmlidospar .eicraiorec avvranche3uIean rdrhtseatetl pH/oelor oi o enkmr rpini aetydh nealerlcyp kcIFos( livd umtalr hhrteerpaeb Aalgdii e vo br a suolaeilam ipdaahsptwbp soyool tiss ri eei Ul,cstmancinrm-osrnwlo ececcUk eleneyeplaieaeaATn oe cu aksske umDwafodt aeuiaon f miur ,otn.ef a nooe menusanriulol*eSlos this n)smtntcn tse scsnu dhcp psr dinhh tcsrt“eH.rreuateaaoceaopi aa,/oeHne mneeia mamsay edrla a nr ldgr hnl iuc.loarsasoncidlone i vrttoyee snh4s ympmdtogaahaddihatuesoe olntreo et ab ee . ne pdotfrHt b lnf ar t taens adnfhdschrosbaoccrb tolpemoaaae crlce nleienerosaop o h etnoetescB adfenrdtrs ep uhi m.d.ctM arahtichr ogcr amasl 3aitrratroyareooo,imsinbO el”oalnnt n .sne a eslO lu l1v anievinrgyacR tklpsrdbot c– tcdFs/ aien(Dreii hn 2,ono mlahue alacocoBuiimc c darS dgnre,ss hr t al ovNonay MkaasAvcmelrk ygkireRooylefes hfu ev nekIcm s aoNC)ivaHbs omssrilaitloce.so oriia n arseectt?ion, i stttC.el r ou nh. pipop- kcundpoht aFfecttdr rr.ltg onehoarsihoo .o esfae.rtgt ao..eet t hls)reeis nlifg?hIutl-cWr enpT s I atisorhsre naatlhio ne u,ge caetisc mtiichP t okcsitsrbeeudnpaw rstimaluniteeeobahsi aurladg,ttanoi:lalieo t/idleri t nn omnle/r hwymr ddetya,sw mle tglhu vorig edesid wivooramtetn fdeniin ehieDhwf sfi a e acgmnsAgeoi ptM.aons e nwtniddrcrkl teascsrfhhrio esen yaon u eictcoe eew raste.eohfnta o o idp na o Dboivmmoom tbB.aefg mvslnlaeircn leha hreA eWieli ehulaiheegedtvicgdralabnsr.mieonme.ttgeyn oeuyosehi vcosji ots Wd v urn s nndhriep sekvI cfwmotnil e ori rooatoa•e coeeco abionstis n llhfnr3alealoshen eud ise, mo.m0norosk s yis 5smas1sApdtnetoHo e i.f w es sTlru4tmdScc trld noeavh4 oyth n tmhero3hawaehfh ecep ia . teoielnn3iearestrset laln8ie yhtniskts rai6ta tcrmb p n®eryal0 .eaimelnti b.ltal zmhr ohsMmdu ete eois tae ntncedaoa ned s aou.r ratt ) abna ehaAln nmllcw yo m oessloosfs wo ieidaMfeluhrwol uq e ned sob,teannu re c rlotai l matiemlnedoAn dl.l ocnDdprvkoipiofeic tsneiu antiolhaesbokrnrigcd olsrli tctteene bh.h lrco to sgdeAreaot,ah eo 5in Ulnahrotdse hh bilDim evag,edi devol lhteeiischtetliessoynoaelnlr o . n., p NIAAA Publications death began to increase in the United Whites, non-Hispanic American Indians States for people in some groups. The and Alaskan Natives, non-Hispanic NIAAA@WORK rise in deaths was driven primarily by Blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic 4Training Tomorrow’s drug and alcohol overdoses, suicides, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Although Alcohol Researchers and liver disease. These conditions, in drug overdoses, alcohol-associated turn, were related to declining quality liver disease (AALD), and suicides of life—reduced physical and mental played major roles in these increases, health, increases in chronic pain, deaths also increased for falls and 5 QUESTIONS WITH . . . financial difficulties, and serious mental other injuries, heart disease, respiratory 7Mark Egli, Ph.D., illness. Given the nature of these deaths, conditions, cancers, and other causes. Deputy Director of Drs. Case and Deaton referred to them And it appears that the United States is the Division of as “deaths of despair.” They reported not alone, as deaths of despair are on Neuroscience and that the increase in mortality occurred the rise among middle-aged men and Behavior primarily among 45–54-year-old non- women in England, too. Hispanic, White men and women. Continued on page 3 Volume 11, Issue 3 | Fall 2019 NEWS FROM THE FIELD STEPPED ALCOHOL TREATMENT IMPROVES HIV AND ALCOHOL OUTCOMES measures in this patient population. A report of the study appears in The Lancet HIV. “These research findings demonstrate the potential of integrated treatment for AUD and HIV to improve health outcomes and provide support for integrating AUD treatment in HIV and other healthcare settings,” says NIAAA Director George F. Koob, Ph.D. Alcohol misuse can increase risky behaviors that increase the likelihood of acquiring HIV, speed the progression of the disease, and make it harder to follow medication regimens. Previous studies have linked drinking, even at low levels, to greater risk of death for people with HIV. In the present study, E. Jennifer Edelman, M.D., M.H.S., and her Increasing the intensity of treatment clinical research supported by NIAAA. colleagues at Yale studied 5 U.S. for alcohol use disorder (AUD) over In the study, led by researchers at Yale Department of Veterans Affairs–based the time course of treatment reduces University, this stepped approach to HIV clinics with 128 people who were alcohol consumption among people AUD treatment also reduced viral load HIV-positive and had AUD. They living with human immunodeficiency (amount of HIV present in the blood) virus (HIV) and AUD, according to new and improved other HIV-related disease Continued on page 6 SPOTLIGHT THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND PAIN The relationship between alcohol the effects of alcohol on pain, the role and pain is a complicated one. It is a of pain in alcohol misuse, and potential common belief that alcohol dulls pain, interactions between alcohol and yet research shows that sometimes opioids during pain treatment hopefully alcohol can make pain worse. will improve treatment outcomes for patients in pain. Understanding the complex relationship between alcohol and pain is an Alcohol has been found to alleviate important area of research for NIAAA. physical pain, but it requires doses In 2016, about 20 percent of adults consistent with binge drinking to (50 million people) in the United States do so. Binge drinking is defined had chronic pain, defined as pain most as drinking enough to bring blood days in the previous 6 months. Recent alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to studies suggest that around 1 in 4 adults 0.08 percent, which typically occurs in chronic pain reports self-medicating after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks with alcohol, and 43–73 percent of for men in about 2 hours. A recent people with alcohol use disorder analysis of the findings from 18 studies (AUD) report experiencing chronic on alcohol and pain concluded that pain. An improved understanding of Continued on page 6 2 https://www.spectrum.niaaa.nih.gov spectrum NIAAA FEATURE: Alcohol and “Deaths of Despair” . . . Continued from page 1 Alcohol plays a prominent role in deaths in 1999 to 70,237 in 2017. The largest to having about 4 drinks for women of despair, contributing to overdoses, increase involved opioids, which or 5 for men in an hour—breathing suicides, and liver disease, as well as claimed nearly 400,000 lives during decreased by another 19 percent. to a broad range of other disease states that period. Alcohol plays a role in The impact was bigger in older that lead to mortality. Alcohol use is about 1 in 5 overdose deaths involving drinkers. Alcohol contributes to other increasing among middle-aged adults in opioids. Alcohol and opioid misuse drug overdoses as well. Deaths due the United States and is more common share common underlying risk factors to overdoses on benzodiazepines, when people are faced with stressful related to deaths of despair, including medications often used to treat anxiety, circumstances, such as job loss, divorce, mood disorders, suicidal ideation, a have increased in recent years, and economic downturns, chronic pain, history of trauma, and chronic pain. alcohol contributes to roughly 1 in 5 or psychiatric conditions—all factors (For more information, see the Spotlight such deaths. related to deaths of despair. story “The Complex Relationship Drs. Case and Deaton reported that Between Alcohol and Pain.”) A recent “I consider alcohol the elephant in the deaths from liver disease are key study revealed just how dangerous the room when it comes to the mortality contributors to the increase in deaths combination of opioids and alcohol can trends revealed in these recent studies,” of despair. The liver—the largest organ be. Both alcohol and opioids can cause says NIAAA Director George F. Koob, in the body—helps digest food, store death by suppressing areas near the Ph.D. “People are more likely to drink energy, and detoxify alcohol and other base of the brain that control breathing. excessively to help cope with significant harmful substances. The number of When researchers gave healthy younger challenges of life, but this is a slippery deaths in the United States each year and older adults 20 mg of oxycodone, slope that commonly leads to more pain from diseases of the liver is rising and breathing was reduced by 28 percent. and misery.” reached 41,743 in 2017. Roughly half When they combined this dose of of these deaths were caused by AALD, A significant contributor to deaths of oxycodone with enough alcohol to raise particularly cirrhosis. Deaths due to despair, drug overdose deaths in the subjects’ blood alcohol concentration United States increased from 16,849 (BAC) to 0.1 percent—comparable Continued on page 5 NOTEWORTHY NEW AND UPDATED NIAAA PUBLICATIONS Interrupted Memories: Alcohol-Induced Blackouts Drinking to the point of a blackout has gained pop culture notoriety in recent years. Blackouts are typically associated with consuming excessive amounts of alcohol that can lead to impaired manedm ootrhye or fh eavrmenst. sT thheayt ctraann ospcicruerd i nw hanileyo innteo wxihcaot eddri,n akns da lac odhroasl,t incoa lmly ainttcerre athseedir raigske oofr ilnejvuerile osf NIAAA recently released new publications on topics of experience with drinking. In this factsheet, we will take a sober look at this common but deeply concerning consequence of alcohol misuse. What Are Blackouts? increased interest from the media and general public, Noannad tAi oAlcnlocaohl hIonol sAltisibtmuutsee Biwatmo lhp appieclarekrei sroivmnouetnetons nxdt atiracsirn a ebiknt regsa md aien.pe n Tsamoh ruieonegar yryh ech ccaaaoallpclnlelop sdcheo aontlhiul d wesae htideo nnb y HippAolccoahmopl uMs iFsurosem C Faonr mPrienvge Mnte tmheo ries as well as from visitors to the NIAAA exhibit booth at Hangovers hmipepmoocraiemsp. uWsi tfhroomut fao rfmunincgti onneinwg professional meetings. Fmoorr mninagny a pfteeor palned, at hneig dhrte oadf eddri nekfifnegct cs aonf lae ahda ntgoo av epra.inful hbwirhpaepinno’ sct ahrmee cpaoulcrsdo,-h kaoe lge wappein aogrc ssc yousfrfts,e tmihne ta hpneed r,s on WWhhaatt dcaouesse ssc itehnec tey pteiclla ul ss yambpotuotm thsi so fp ah ehnaonmgoevneorn?? cannot recall what transpired. These additions to NIAAA’s factsheet collection And the question perhaps as old as hangovers themselves—Types of Blackouts aWreh tahte rIes aan yH raenagl roemveerd?ies? Tthheeyr ea raer ed etwfinoe tdy pbeys t hoef bsleavcekoriutyt so; f Hippocampus are Hangovers and Interrupted Memories: Alcohol- AcinspWAnooar cehnnuuhlsauu»»»»»snsasnmdeed utgeqa,b r oMotraraDaafGtTItAap uC,aeehahnhfee vfnsfncaahesnic.ari atteatsflas e elvdedin taintAxetgsdust toioarurahtg r l cicit utia nlusetpfe mmnhtcasirurrhs eddrseel exeeftpoaoidasleeflea yraen mdnc,aofotiltinpe,nu ,yecncshige,ne da espfk rhigai twhr k ryddflste,stsoehleseoHayrot eeei sed. nsbirli pxyafd tswtvysn sots Aasiaargrfcoadlgditee lde toaangeihkcbee snc iineu ,ra ensiatnnlno:te ia sentl,gi eoal acsl ol, aieAonae sc npa, tsa, s a w voylistlox ntnor lsgwe:sv tr aonc,cees hohihpavif : aetPobrnaxo lsrts, omeoouvofleros toAihuwdkneuaticirnaulsstgs hfrt,aelotm torlt,l ec te reaitarcouo h isdb c tl,ypirsoaS pauhsto bo,yiesrhisu ahilnh hnt r pefeenyuhmots .i ttaroleto,nkoc ao c y :etooeem nTtnemdape irhrglon h dmlnAs te:ahhda pudt es,-hd eupatnots Aallrea rrcia ouaciao nisesiyelpmovsrti tntilc podnnletmeic ia eyehdoe vvofgshssphaidcor.alsdraunisil im.i oem trotrsce clht Tlt yn yccdeeiTlrcv.hbohilnk eoay.a n erg saaasehtamy,neecdpplccofld os? susri-trs ,aed hista eep t vleecis ,soloebomssh i imestraraiscdgya cea eyn oye irf lpuosmihntctm pbrsgadsdsc htseesnatudm h: o ccrtup yaeucfdtrtlgaar eioyalhrcstmaod lt ir mtioensa ir mstibeobioyt inbe,ommp drhrst lmnue anreaeforlwnpt eeoia.tn,soac trtlo e liheraair itt tahnpm on dtohsseiatso.ye rcne u adtseisrt hshm socagt, e , e h a ca.r onorbinstcbsTCbnlloehy.optllehdoaa r emobiviiymnccbs .teymkk m tup hItyrOtAbbsootnyte yol haueoeoleuupmtcmflm tvennschoHttt»»ae ee”,poe g coeh m ltrtatt miamiuooyoarrvsaohnCopTtastccfSaPsay gmpnr vlooee pueoommeldfS uohietrgr ocsienetednroh lriersinuledmouarefiotmr noosfi, sndflr e dsihgldci septrb th teiig dttmvcoaor seosmeho ieuespese.dltood es sreemr em,stc mosrwynsa eesitl cctn rn hi tegir s mi meafeiuwamceiomaoatahepahnam oudrhsir bScs nrrrmm anahokl,abtcsapptr taewlss eso aydckveie o hnyeorieoet n ettceeeneieseanamto cu edhavnonfogaftiaehv or ns tsrot cemnnhace ha nptens exairepeh a mthwnrntutcny iidrT tplv.enaaghsbbvsatnece gl l ere ipe p e“hcTsgoaniner oih o.usasto bff ns al iorsrfna megeerecemmlahuznptfieciucp asue,egt st.r aoorretertoo arets p a.n hb snrgsesowrimvelm delCwn hlnee oDdccos nlem mevs n toi d tevotedoeuoesRmWSttthgnwdWpwocenpparbnr aosohhelnol rh oh ien nf r,,olrioiieobtrsyifaeue tv th lr lootv ta nikod ehstuna h.wstyohtws ii“ aumuahan asichc teehhv lngmmarstmasiudtmdt tiitstohensnl oioeiearacei,yaletr niie tts,sp bieve oif,gwlp mhr tdaeateeyhrc rgonase ai es mnauo yoltt dhoDr asfnnr ootie natrsoaeo.c aeanrrvt sraon ue .v., aldmemieeisneh romc wce snesrs lgma srhdh tasokse rs, e asho”rsh ae oa,W si, rh ahsn n t o nabiao wlitwooyoesacod ghn nfoob oud o n l hwtd emk mfuswhue1mmdrhoin y sctiatt ep oeorn yo adhio etomatmusnmklmp wwh -rwrflubnr .icrio aanche3ueanseatloo kriath nealrckcIF limta hteeaebli e vo a l paahsbpyot s riee lmiosrlo eeccU neyelean c s wafodaei f mur n. a emariloSs th ntn se ndhppnhht“eH.roceopaane iamay ernrdguc.losroioneroy 4sdtogihatueor t ab ee.nt bnft tesdnhsob tloeaelceeirsao enednr e h m.rcr g a 3rtryarib ”n .sne sO 1vyRksb– cde 2,n loim a s avNackilesvkIcNHssreooae? itrunh.ido a.tgon. .ga. l lI-W epTIthrn u,eetsi titsrpwrtilntahsi uo:aiot/t ne/detswm ghosd wn iieDw fs Ao p.n tnilscsfhri ao coewatehoiabovm .evlne leAeWieihevgrbr.mge euyhios n ne svIfnl oota•e bsts nr3osde om0s s m1AtHoi. w l4mctnoe4ohe3aefhpa. eoel3rtlln8i yhns6am n®0.mn de naa.t Anlolswdoe, r a dAlcrionlhkcoinl ogre lsehivdeoelssl IIwrYppnneuuoasd bbauesulld a iirccdrcceeac aivdenthtiidi osBoviuennnildcef,as ao wtc/rthbreki meoracoo nneaNucn dttmhiIst oAldu.yanorAt e.etwosAr-ni raa lfenloasfldac ead-tcfts aththh centettee-pstswe sho : ae/ns/netw aWtdstw i.ooswttmhi.cenesrni aa NaananIdA.d nu AiAphAdl.gca ootehvdo/ l NINHa t.io .n a. l TIhnutsttrpintsu:it/ne/w gown Dw A.nilcsiaocahoao.vln pTwpAeihbrur.hoguyetoism stdevIin na•oamt ng3omdn0e 1A’hHis.anl4ce e4onab3rahs.n lol3oat l8tihtsolt6hmy ®0dg ai rntae alabcftooteedhrry o ra liw s cwkao otfneomcrr,e a hannant rradamn tpi.do oO nau t n(hmBdeaA rf noCb rio, o pftl hoothegue inac dsma,al owmduiofenfme tw roeeefnn iag chlhecatso vd hemro ilnale kyisn stc ht ohwene ast trbaeiblmrou oiented at )ha mweso iilrwlu bteneoltln d.odife taso l ctbhoeah nho ilmg, htehener., What Are the Long-Term Health Risks? Alcohol Use Disorder Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. AUD can range from mild to severe,* and recovery is possible regardless of severity. Liver Damage Walcoomheonlic w hheop raetigtiusl,a arl yp omteisnutsiaell ya lfcaotahlo al lacroeh molo-rreel alitkeedl yli vthear nc omnednit iwonh.o5 Tdhriinsk p tahtete srna mofe d arminkoiunngt ctoa nd eavlseolo p lead to cirrhosis (permanent liver scarring). Heart Disease Long-term alcohol misuse is a leading cause of heart disease. Women are more susceptible to aliflecotimhoel -trhealant emde hne.3art disease than men, even though they may consume less alcohol over their *(S Teoe b het tdpisa:g//npousbesd.n wiaiatha A.nUihD.g, oav p/peurbsolicna mtiounsst /mdsemetf accetrsthaeine td/DiaSgnMofsatcict. pcdrift.e)ria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. 3 Volume 11, Issue 3 | Fall 2019 NIAAA@WORK TRAINING TOMORROW’S ALCOHOL RESEARCHERS Pictured, left to right: Caroline Djakuduel, Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Mei Mei Zuo, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies; and Riley Paulsen, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience Each summer, NIAAA’s Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (DICBR) hosts high school, college, and graduate students from across the nation. These student-trainees work in the DICBR laboratories, gain research skills, and receive mentoring from NIAAA researchers. This year, some of the student projects investigated alcohol-induced lung injury, alcohol’s role in inflammation, the neurobiology of stress and addiction, health disparities in substance use disorders, the impact of cannabis on sleep, and brain signaling during reward-seeking behaviors. Student-trainees presented their research at the National Institutes of Health Poster Day in August. 4 https://www.spectrum.niaaa.nih.gov spectrum NIAAA FEATURE: Alcohol and “Deaths of Despair” . . . Continued from page 3 AALD are more common in adults over mortality in other ways that might using alcohol to cope with challenges the age of 45 than in younger drinkers, add to deaths of despair. Alcohol in life could help reduce the number of but the biggest increases in such deaths plays a role in roughly 3.5 percent such deaths. in recent years occurred among young of all cancer deaths in the United According to Dr. Koob, “Perhaps our adults ages 25–34. States. For women, the risk of breast most fundamental responsibility is to cancer increases with less than 1 drink Rates of suicide in the United States ensure that all people possess basic per day. Compared to women who are increasing and are higher now than knowledge of alcohol’s immediate and consumed fewer than 60 drinks in at any time since World War II. More long-term health effects, and that all a typical year, those consuming than 47,000 people died from suicide in healthcare professionals, from trainees 60–229 drinks (about 0.6 drinks per 2017, and suicide is the fourth-leading through senior clinicians, make alcohol day, on average) were 20 percent cause of death for people ages 35–54. assessment an integral part of every more likely to develop breast cancer. interaction with patients.” Currently, Alcohol misuse both follows and Research also has shown that people 85 percent of adults ages 18 and older contributes to mental health conditions who drink excessively have a in the United States see a doctor or that increase the risk of suicide. People greater risk of cancers of the mouth, other healthcare professional each with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are esophagus, larynx, pharynx, liver, year, but fewer than 1 in 4 report being twice as likely as those without AUD colon, and rectum. asked during a visit in the past year to experience major depression, five Alcohol also is a common factor in how often or how much they drink. times as likely to suffer from bipolar deaths from injuries. The U.S. Centers disorder, and three times as likely To learn more about the health risks for Disease Control and Prevention to experience post-traumatic stress posed by alcohol and to evaluate (2013) estimates that alcohol disorder. People with AUD are much whether your relationship with alcohol contributes to 32 percent of deaths more likely to contemplate suicide, and might constitute AUD, please visit the from falls, 42 percent of deaths from alcohol often plays a role in suicide NIAAA website, Rethinking Drinking, fires, 47 percent of deaths from attempts. Estimates suggest that nearly at https://www.rethinkingdrinking. homicides, and 34 percent of deaths 1 in 4 males and 1 in 5 females are niaaa.nih.gov. To explore treatment from drownings. intoxicated—with BAC levels of options and to locate a treatment 0.08 percent or more—at the time of Alcohol is not the only factor driving provider, please visit the NIAAA a suicide. the increase in deaths of despair, but Alcohol Treatment Navigator, at raising awareness of the health risks https://alcoholtreatment.niaaa.nih.gov. In addition to overdoses, liver disease, posed by alcohol and the dangers of and suicides, alcohol contributes to References: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol and Public Health: Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI). Average for United States 2006–2010 Alcohol-Attributable Deaths Due to Excessive Alcohol Use. https://go.usa.gov/xym4p. Accessed July 15, 2019. Case, A.; and Deaton, A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among White non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 112(49):15078–15083, 2015. PMID: 26575631 Woolf, S.H.; Chapman, D.A.; Buchanich, J.M.; Bobby, K.J.; Zimmerman, E.B.; and Blackburn, S.M. Changes in midlife death rates across racial and ethnic groups in the United States: Systematic analysis of vital statistics. BMJ 362:k3096, 2018. PMID: 30111554 O’Keefe, E.L.; DiNicolantonio, J.J.; O’Keefe, J.H.; and Lavie, C.J. Alcohol and CV health: Jekyll and Hyde J-curves. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 61(1):68–75, 2018. PMID: 29458056 Barr, T.; Helms, C.; Grant, K.; and Messaoudi, I. Opposing effects of alcohol on the immune system. Progress in Neuro- Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 65:242–251, 2016. PMID: 26375241 Nelson, D.E.; Jarman, D.W.; Rehm, J.; Greenfield, T.K.; Rey, G.; Kerr, W.C.; Miller, P.; Shield, K.D.; Ye, Y.; and Naimi, T.S. Alcohol- attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 103(4):641–648, 2013. PMID: 23409916 Shield, K.D.; Soerjomataram, I.; and Rehm, J. Alcohol use and breast cancer: A critical review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 40(6):1166–1181, 2016. PMID: 27130687 Fedirko, V.; Tramacere, I.; Bagnardi, V.; Rota, M.; Scotti, L.; Islami, F.; Negri, E.; Straif, K.; Romieu, I.; La Vecchia, C.; Boffetta, P.; and Jenab, M. Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: An overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies. Annals of Oncology 22(9):1958–1972, 2011. PMID: 21307158 Tapper, E.B.; and Parikh, N.D. Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999–2016: Observational study. BMJ 362:k2817, 2018. PMID: 30021785 5 Volume 11, Issue 3 | Fall 2019 NEWS FROM THE FIELD: Stepped Alcohol Treatment . . . Continued from page 2 investigated integrated stepped alcohol consumed per drinking day and a greater says Dr. Edelman. “We believe that treatment (ISAT)—an approach that percentage of days abstinent. with decreased alcohol consumption, involves consecutive steps of increasing participants in the ISAT group “Importantly, we also observed that the intensity of AUD treatment if lower- were more likely to take their HIV participants randomized to stepped intensity treatment does not produce medications consistently, translating AUD treatment were more likely to desired results. into improved HIV viral control.” achieve an undetectable HIV viral load,” Although no differences in drinks per week consumed or HIV outcomes Reference: were found between the ISAT group Edelman, E.J.; Maisto, S.A.; Hansen, N.B.; Cutter, C.J.; Dziura, J.; Deng, Y.; Fiellin, and control group at 6 months, at L.E.; O’Connor, P.G.; Bedimo, R.; Gibert, C.L.; Marconi, V.C.; Rimland, D.; Rodriguez- the 12-month followup, individuals Barradas, M.C.; Simberkoff, M.S.; Tate, J.P.; Justice, A.C.; Bryant, K.J.; and Fiellin, D.A. receiving ISAT were found to have Integrated stepped alcohol treatment for patients with HIV and alcohol use disorder: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet HIV 6(8):e509–e517, 2019. PMID: 31109915 fared better—reporting fewer drinks SPOTLIGHT: The Complex Relationship . . . Continued from page 2 a BAC of 0.08 percent produces that control breathing. Using alcohol a small increase in pain threshold and opioids together amplifies the References: and a reduction in pain intensity. danger. Research suggests that alcohol Koob, G.F. Neurobiology of opioid addiction: Opponent process, These findings could help explain plays a role in around 1 in 5 deaths from hyperkatifeia, and negative why some people with chronic pain opioid overdoses. reinforcement. Biological Psychiatry drink excessively. Unfortunately, Because the mechanisms by which June 12, 2019. PMID: 31400808 reaching BAC levels this high also is alcohol and opioids reduce physical and Rogers, A.H.; Kauffman, B.Y.; associated with unintentional injuries, Bakhshaie, J.; McHugh, R.K.; Ditre, emotional pain overlap, regular use of violence, traffic fatalities, and other J.W.; and Zvolensky, M.J. Anxiety one drug diminishes the effects of the sensitivity and opioid misuse among consequences. And long-term excessive other. For instance, when researchers opioid-using adults with chronic pain. drinking makes physical pain worse. examined opioid pain medication use The American Journal of Drug and In a group of 30 men in treatment for Alcohol Abuse 45(5):470–478, 2019. after abdominal surgery in more than PMID: 30896985 AUD, sensitivity to pain increased early 4,000 patients, they found that frequent in abstinence. Thompson, T.; Oram, C.; Correll, alcohol consumption was associated C.U.; Tsermentseli, S.; and Stubbs, People also sometimes use alcohol with increased opioid use for pain B. Analgesic effects of alcohol: A in an effort to cope with emotional control. Similarly, in rats allowed to systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled experimental studies pain. Unfortunately, as with physical drink alcohol for 8 weeks, opioids in healthy participants. The Journal pain, the temporary reprieve alcohol became less effective at reducing of Pain 18(5):499–510, 2017. PMID: might offer gives way to an increase physical pain. Withdrawal from opioids, 27919773 in emotional pain when the alcohol like withdrawal from alcohol, leads to Witkiewitz, K.; and Vowles, K.E. wears off. Chronic alcohol misuse can the emotional misery of hyperkatifeia. Alcohol and opioid use, co-use, and lead to the emergence of a negative chronic pain in the context of the As part of the National Institutes of opioid epidemic: A critical review. emotional state, known as hyperkatifeia, Health Helping to End Addiction Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental in between episodes of drinking. The Long-Term (HEAL) initiative, NIAAA Research 42(3):478–488, 2018. PMID: resulting irritability, dysphoria, and 29314075 is encouraging studies to develop anxiety fuel further alcohol use. As with Zale, E.L.; Maisto, S.A.; and Ditre, and validate biomarkers of comorbid physical pain, drinking alcohol to cope J.W. Interrelations between pain and alcohol misuse and chronic pain and that alcohol: An integrative review. Clinical with emotional pain makes the situation address alcohol misuse in the context Psychology Review 37:57–71, 2015. worse. (For more information, see the of chronic pain management. NIAAA PMID: 25766100 Feature story “Alcohol and ‘Deaths of also encourages research on the impact Edwards, S.; Vendruscolo, L.F.; Despair.’”) of alcohol and sleep disturbances on Schlosburg, J.E.; Misra, K.K.; Wee, S.; Park, P.E.; Schulteis, G.; and Koob, Opioid analgesics commonly are pain through a new funding opportunity G.F. Development of mechanical prescribed to treat physical pain (PA-19-200). These efforts, among hypersensitivity in rats during heroin and often are misused to cope with others, should shed light on how alcohol and ethanol dependence: Alleviation by CRF receptor antagonism. emotional pain. Used separately, alcohol affects pain and vice versa and could 1 Neuropharmacology 62(2):1142–1151, and opioids can cause overdose deaths have implications for both treating AUD 2012. PMID: 22119954 by suppressing areas in the brain stem and managing chronic pain. 6 https://www.spectrum.niaaa.nih.gov spectrum NIAAA 5 QUESTIONS WITH . . . MARK EGLI, PH.D. Deputy Director of the Division of Neuroscience and Behavior (microRNA, long noncoding RNA, overlap with those involved in alcohol etc.) to reprogram protein-coding genes and opioid use disorders. In rodent to influence their expression in specific models and in humans, alcohol causes brain regions of both early-stage and pain. It implies that chronic alcohol use late-onset AUD patients. Some of the increases pain, and that pain provokes genes are related to stress and occur in drinking because of the effects on brain regions, such as the amygdala, that shared neural circuitry. are implicated in AUD. This research More recently, it’s become clear that finding confirms data from animal alcohol is a major factor in the increased models and suggests an important “deaths of despair” in the United States, mechanism underlying the development including not only being responsible for of AUD. There’s a possibility that alcohol-associated liver disease, but also alcohol-induced epigenetic changes are contributing to opioid overdoses and transmitted to offspring, putting future suicides. For some, AUD along with generations at risk for AUD. chronic pain and opioid use disorder We are also exploring ways to promote may be facets of a mechanistically research involving social isolation, integrated syndrome with accidental which puts people at risk for many overdose and suicide as outcomes. We negative health conditions, including have identified several “sinkholes,” AUD. It’s important to understand the whereby alcohol consumption and 1 As the Deputy Director of neurobiological impact of loneliness phenomena such as pain, opioid use, the Division of Neuroscience and loss of social attachment as they impulsivity, and negative affect enter and Behavior (DNB), how relate to risk for AUD and to recovery. into positive-feedback relationships, would you characterize DNB’s Harmful effects of drinking on social meaning changes in one of these research program? attachment and social effectiveness also domains (e.g., elevated alcohol misuse) DNB’s portfolio comprises a broad need to be better understood, as this may can amplify one or more of the others range of neuroscience research from contribute to depression and suicide. (e.g., increased opioid misuse). This genes to behavior. This research covers can lead to deadly consequences. We Binge drinking is increasing in aging alcohol exposure across the lifespan, hope to stimulate research to provide populations. We’ve collaborated including developmental transitions a better mechanistic understanding of with the National Institute on Aging from adolescence to adulthood and those relationships. to fund administrative supplements into aging. In addition, alcohol use on research examining the effects of disorder [AUD] is a complex disorder, 4 Looking ahead, where do alcohol on Alzheimer’s disease and and our research program over time you see the DNB program related dementias. has expanded to include studies on heading? emotional states, sleep disturbances, 3 Pain research is an area in Big and bold. My sense is that there are social competence, cognitive function, which you’ve expanded major paradigm shifts ahead. Increased and pain. support—how did that evolve? computational capabilities will allow us to analyze large datasets from diverse DNB has a strong pain research 2 What are some emerging sources such as the National Institutes program thanks to Dr. Soundar research areas DNB has been of Health [NIH]-funded Adolescent Regunathan’s efforts as NIAAA’s exploring? Brain Cognitive Development [ABCD] Program Director. In 2010, we Susceptibility and resilience to AUD study and the NIH All of Us initiative. developed several symposia and new have been explained by genes—DNA The National Institute of Mental Health funding opportunity announcements. variants—and environment; however, is leading efforts in the emerging field Around the same time, NIAAA Director we’re discovering that there is a third of computational psychiatry, with the Dr. George F. Koob, Dr. Scott Edwards, mechanism, epigenetics, that bridges aim of integrating observations across and I wrote a review on this topic. A these two areas. Investigators recently biological and behavioral systems over growing body of research has shown showed that alcohol exposure may time through large-scale modeling. that brain systems supporting pain cause non-protein-coding RNAs perception, particularly emotional pain, Continued on page 8 7 Volume 11, Issue 3 | Fall 2019 5 QUESTIONS WITH: Mark Egli, Ph.D. . . . Continued from page 7 The goal is to identify conditions that the experimental and computational 5 Outside of work, people say lead to disease and to suggest effective tools generated in the past 5 years by you’re a great harmonica therapies. Much of this work will be the BRAIN initiative are becoming player! How did that get applicable to AUD. available to our alcohol researchers. started? In addition, the NIH Brain Research NIAAA also encourages studies through I also play clarinet, and my ability to Through Advancing Innovative the Small Business Innovation Research apply woodwind techniques to the Neurotechnologies [BRAIN] initiative [SBIR] program that apply data harmonica makes people think I’m a is a major investment in technologies science methods to expand analytical more accomplished harmonica player to advance spatial and temporal capabilities in alcohol research. I think than I really am. My cat likes the sound resolution of brain function measures. the new technologies and paradigms of blues music for some reason and will There will also be methods to measure will provide opportunities for sit on my lap and meow along when I behavior from previously inaccessible researchers to perform studies that better play. I played in a blues band in high sources and with greater temporal explain the great diversity of AUD school, but these days it’s just me and resolution. Also very exciting is that among affected individuals. Sophie the cat. ABOUT US CONTACT US NIAAA Spectrum is NIAAA’s triannual webzine. With engaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) feature articles, short news updates, and colorful graphics, NIAAA Publications Distribution Center Spectrum offers accessible and relevant information on NIAAA and P.O. Box 10686, Rockville, MD 20849-0686 the alcohol research field. 888–MY–NIAAA (888–696–4222) 8 https://www.spectrum.niaaa.nih.gov

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.