NFPA 92A-2009 Standard for Smoke Control System Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences.

38 Pages·01.11 MB·English

by  NFPA

NFPA® 92A

Standard for Smoke-Control
Systems Utilizing Barriers and
Pressure Differences

2009 Edition

NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471
An International Codes and Standards Organization
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C8E1AA59-9A2D-4E95-96A8-6EBB188F6FD4
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C8E1AA59-9A2D-4E95-96A8-6EBB188F6FD4
92A–1
Copyright©2008NationalFireProtectionAssociation®.AllRightsReserved.
NFPA®92A
Standardfor
Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences
2009Edition
This edition of NFPA92A, Standard forSmoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure
Differences,waspreparedbytheTechnicalCommitteeonSmokeManagementSystems.Itwas
issuedbytheStandardsCouncilonMay30,2008,withaneffectivedateofJuly18,2008,and
supersedesallpreviouseditions.
ThiseditionofNFPA92AwasapprovedasanAmericanNationalStandardonJuly18,2008.
OriginandDevelopmentofNFPA92A
The NFPAStandards Council established the Technical Committee on Smoke Manage-
mentSystemsinOctoberof1985andchargeditwithaddressingtheneedforguidelinesand
materialsonbuildingfiresmokemanagement.Withhelpfromaformersubcommitteeon
smokecontroloftheTechnicalCommitteeonAirConditioning,memberswereappointedto
theSmokeManagementSystemsCommitteein1986.Asafirstattemptataddressingsmoke
management, a draft was prepared of a new document, NFPA92A, that addressed smoke
controlutilizingbarriers,airflows,andpressuredifferencessoastoconfinethesmokeofa
firetothezoneoffireoriginandthusmaintainatenableenvironmentinotherzones.
The1993editionhelpedtorefinethescienceandartofsmokecontrolbyincorporating
thelatestintechnology.The1996editionaddedguidelinesoncontrolsystemsupervisionand
instrumentation; it also provided substantial appendix material on testing for leakage of
smoke-controlenclosures.
The2000editionwasacompleterevisionandaddedinformationbasedonresearchonthe
designandtestingofsmoke-controlsystemsforareasofrefuge,elevatorlobbiesandhoist-
ways,andvestibules.Achapteraddressingcomputermodelswasadded,andthecriteriafor
controlsystemsandfirefighters’controlstationswasrefinedandclarified.
The2006editionwasamajorrevisionofthepreviousedition.Thedocumentwasrewritten
as a standard with mandatory provisions regarding the design, installation, and testing of
smoke-controlsystems.ThedocumentalsowasreorganizedtocomplywiththeManualofStyle
for NFPATechnical Committee Documents.Additionally, other editorial changes were made to
improvetheapplicationofthestandard.Majortechnicalchangesaddressedpowersupplies
forsmoke-controlsystems,openings,andleakagethroughsmokebarriers,includingegress
doorsinstairways,systemwiring,designdocumentation,testprocedures,andthezoningof
elevatorshaftsandelevatorlobbies.
The2009editionisanupdateofthe2006editionwithonlyminoreditorialchangesincluded.
NFPAandNationalFireProtectionAssociationareregisteredtrademarksoftheNationalFireProtectionAssociation,Quincy,Massachusetts,02169.
C8E1AA59-9A2D-4E95-96A8-6EBB188F6FD4
92A–2 SMOKE-CONTROLSYSTEMSUTILIZINGBARRIERSANDPRESSUREDIFFERENCES
TechnicalCommitteeonSmokeManagementSystems
RandolphW.Tucker, Chair
TheRJAGroup,Inc.,TX[SE]
ElyahuAvidor, Charlottesville,VA[RT] WilliamE.Koffel, KoffelAssociates,Inc.,MD[M]
Rep.StandardsInstitutionofIsrael Rep.AAMASmokeVentTaskGroup
JackB.Buckley, Houston,TX[SE] GaryD.Lougheed, NationalResearchCouncilof
PaulD.Compton, ColtInternational,Ltd.,United Canada,Canada[RT]
Kingdom[M] AnthonyJ.Militello, U.S.DepartmentoftheNavy,
RichardJ.Davis, FMGlobal,MA[I] DC[U]
MichaelE.Dillon, DillonConsultingEngineers,Inc., JamesA.Milke, UniversityofMaryland,MD[SE]
TimothyJ.Orris, AMCAInternational,Inc.,IL[M]
CA[SE]
Rep.AirMovement&ControlAssociation
RobertG.Dittrich, Honeywell,Inc.,IL[M]
LawrenceJ.Shudak, UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.,
Rep.NationalElectricalManufacturersAssociation
IL[RT]
DouglasH.Evans, ClarkCountyBuildingDepartment,
PaulSimony, AcralightInternational,CA[M]
NV[E]
JeffreyS.Tubbs, ArupFire,MA[SE]
MichaelJ.Ferreira, HughesAssociates,Inc.,MD[SE]
PaulG.Turnbull, SiemensBuildingTechnology,Inc.,
WinfieldT.Irwin, IrwinServices,PA[M] IL[M]
Rep.NorthAmericanInsulationManufacturers RobertVanBecelaere, RuskinManufacturing,MO[M]
Association Rep.AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers
JohnE.Kampmeyer, TriadFireProtectionEngineering StacyN.Welch, MarriottInternational,Inc.,DC[U]
Corporation,PA[SE] PeterJ.Willse, SwissRe,GlobalAssetProtection
Rep.NationalSocietyofProfessionalEngineers Services,CT[I]
JohnH.Klote, FireandSmokeConsulting,VA[SE] StevenD.Wolin, CodeConsultants,Inc.,MO[SE]
Alternates
SanjayAggarwal, TheRJAGroup,Inc.,CA[SE] GregoryR.Miller, CodeConsultants,Inc.,MO[SE]
(Alt.toR.W.Tucker) (Alt.toS.D.Wolin)
RobertM.Berhinig, UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc., RickThornberry, TheCodeConsortium,Inc.,CA[M]
IL[RT] (Alt.toW.E.Koffel)
(Alt.toL.J.Shudak) YibingXin, FMGlobal,MA[I]
CraigL.Beyler, HughesAssociates,Inc.,MD[SE] (Alt.toR.J.Davis)
(Alt.toM.J.Ferreira)
DianeB.Copeland, DillonConsultingEngineers,Inc.,
CA[SE]
(Alt.toM.E.Dillon)
Nonvoting
ChristianNorgaardMadsen, TechnoConsultant,Norway HaroldE.Nelson, Annandale,VA[SE]
BentA.Borresen, TechnoConsultant,Norway (MemberEmeritus)
(Alt.toC.N.Madsen)
HosseinDavoodi,NFPAStaffLiaison
ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,
changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationor
anydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.
CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentsonthedesign,installa-
tion,testing,operation,andmaintenanceofsystemsforthecontrol,removal,orventingofheatorsmoke
fromfiresinbuildings.
2009Edition
C8E1AA59-9A2D-4E95-96A8-6EBB188F6FD4
CONTENTS 92A–3
Contents
Chapter1 Administration ............................... 92A– 4 6.2 Heating,Ventilating,and
1.1 Scope .............................................. 92A– 4 Air-Conditioning(HVAC)
1.2 Purpose ........................................... 92A– 4 Equipment ....................................... 92A– 7
1.3 Application ...................................... 92A– 4 6.3 SmokeDampers................................. 92A– 7
1.4 Retroactivity ..................................... 92A– 4 6.4 Controls .......................................... 92A– 8
1.5 Equivalency ...................................... 92A– 4 6.5 EnergyManagement ........................... 92A–10
6.6 Materials .......................................... 92A–10
Chapter2 ReferencedPublications .................. 92A– 4 6.7 ElectricServicesInstallation ................. 92A–10
2.1 General ........................................... 92A– 4
2.2 NFPAPublications .............................. 92A– 4 Chapter7 Smoke-ControlSystemDesign
2.3 OtherPublications ............................. 92A– 4 Documentation .............................. 92A–10
2.4 ReferencesforExtractsinMandatory 7.1 DocumentationRequired .................... 92A–10
Sections ........................................... 92A– 5
Chapter8 Testing ......................................... 92A–10
Chapter3 Definitions .................................... 92A– 5
8.1 General ........................................... 92A–10
3.1 General ........................................... 92A– 5
8.2 PreliminaryBuildingInspections ........... 92A–10
3.2 NFPAOfficialDefinitions ..................... 92A– 5
8.3 OperationalTesting ............................ 92A–11
3.3 GeneralDefinitions ............................ 92A– 5
8.4 AcceptanceTesting ............................ 92A–11
Chapter4 Fundamentals ................................ 92A– 6 8.5 Modifications .................................... 92A–13
4.1 DesignObjectives .............................. 92A– 6 8.6 PeriodicTesting ................................ 92A–13
4.2 DesignBasis ...................................... 92A– 6
4.3 DesignApproaches ............................. 92A– 6 AnnexA ExplanatoryMaterial ......................... 92A–13
4.4 Tenability ......................................... 92A– 6
AnnexB TypesofStairwellPressurization
4.5 EgressAnalysis .................................. 92A– 6
Systems .......................................... 92A–22
4.6 DesignConsiderations ........................ 92A– 6
4.7 GaseousFireSuppressionSystems ......... 92A– 6
AnnexC HVACAir-HandlingSystemTypes ........ 92A–24
Chapter5 Smoke-ControlSystemsand
AnnexD FireFighters’Smoke-ControlStation
Applicability .................................. 92A– 6
(FSCS)Considerations ...................... 92A–25
5.1 SystemOperation .............................. 92A– 6
5.2 PressureDifferences ........................... 92A– 6
AnnexE InformationonTestingforLeakage
5.3 StairwellPressurizationSystems ............. 92A– 7 BetweenSmokeZones ....................... 92A–26
5.4 ElevatorSmokeControl ...................... 92A– 7
5.5 ZonedSmokeControl ......................... 92A– 7 AnnexF AdvisoryInformationonAcceptance
5.6 SmokeRefugeAreas ........................... 92A– 7 Testing ........................................... 92A–28
5.7 CombinationofSystems ...................... 92A– 7
AnnexG InformationalReferences .................. 92A–28
Chapter6 BuildingEquipmentandControls ...... 92A– 7
6.1 General ........................................... 92A– 7 Index ........................................................... 92A–30
2009Edition
C8E1AA59-9A2D-4E95-96A8-6EBB188F6FD4
92A–4 SMOKE-CONTROLSYSTEMSUTILIZINGBARRIERSANDPRESSUREDIFFERENCES
NFPA92A 1.3 Application.
1.3.1 This standard shall apply to dedicated and nondedi-
Standardfor
catedsmoke-controlsystemsusingpressuredifferencestoin-
hibitsmokemovement.
Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and
Pressure Differences 1.3.2*Thisstandardshallnotapplytosmoke-controlsystems
usingairflowtoinhibitsmokemovement,norshallitapplyto
passivesystemsforsmokeandheatventing.
2009Edition
1.3.3* The requirements for standby power are outside the
IMPORTANTNOTE:ThisNFPAdocumentismadeavailablefor scopeofthisdocument.
usesubjecttoimportantnoticesandlegaldisclaimers.Thesenotices
1.4 Retroactivity.
anddisclaimersappearinallpublicationscontainingthisdocument
andmaybefoundundertheheading“ImportantNoticesandDis-
1.4.1 Unlessotherwisenoted,itisnotintendedthattheprovi-
claimersConcerningNFPADocuments.”Theycanalsobeobtained
sionsofthisdocumentbeappliedtofacilities,equipment,struc-
onrequestfromNFPAorviewedatwww.nfpa.org/disclaimers.
tures,orinstallationsthatwereexistingorapprovedforconstruc-
NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter tionorinstallationpriortotheeffectivedateofthisdocument.
designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material
ontheparagraphcanbefoundinAnnexA. 1.4.2 Inthosecaseswhereitisdeterminedbytheauthority
having jurisdiction that the existing situation involves a dis-
Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical
tincthazardtolifeorproperty,retroactiveapplicationofthe
rule beside the paragraph, table, or figure in which the
provisionsofthisdocumentshallbepermitted.
change occurred. These rules are included as an aid to the
userinidentifyingchangesfromthepreviousedition.Where 1.4.3 Where a smoke-control system is being altered, ex-
oneormorecompleteparagraphshavebeendeleted,thede- tended,orrenovated,therequirementsofthisstandardshall
letionisindicatedbyabullet((cid:127))betweentheparagraphsthat applyonlytotheworkbeingundertaken.
remain.
1.4.4 Verificationisrequiredtoassurethatnewormodified
Areferenceinbrackets[]followingasectionorparagraph
systems do not adversely affect the performance of existing
indicatesmaterialthathasbeenextractedfromanotherNFPA
smoke-controlsystems.
document.Asanaidtotheuser,thecompletetitleandedition
ofthesourcedocumentsforextractsinmandatorysectionsof
1.5 Equivalency.Nothinginthisstandardisintendedtopre-
thedocumentaregiveninChapter2andthoseforextractsin
venttheuseofsystems,methods,ordevicesofequivalentor
informational sections are given inAnnex G. Extracted text
superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, dura-
maybeeditedforconsistencyandstyleandmayincludethe
bility,andsafetyoverthoseprescribedbythisstandard.
revision of internal paragraph references and other refer-
encesasappropriate.Requestsforinterpretationsorrevisions 1.5.1 Technicaldocumentationshallbesubmittedtotheau-
ofextractedtextshallbesenttothetechnicalcommitteere- thorityhavingjurisdictiontodemonstrateequivalency.
sponsibleforthesourcedocument.
1.5.2 Thesystem,method,ordeviceshallbeapprovedforthe
Information on referenced publications can be found in
intendedpurposebytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
Chapter2andAnnexG.
Chapter1 Administration
Chapter2 ReferencedPublications
1.1 Scope. This standard shall apply to the design, installa-
tion,acceptancetesting,operation,andongoingperiodictest- 2.1 General.Thedocumentsorportionsthereoflistedinthis
ingofdedicatedandnondedicatedsmoke-controlsystems. chapterarereferencedwithinthisstandardandshallbecon-
sideredpartoftherequirementsofthisdocument.
1.2 Purpose.
1.2.1 Thepurposeofthisstandardshallbetoestablishrequire- 2.2 NFPAPublications.NationalFireProtectionAssociation,
1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA02169-7471.
ments for smoke-control systems that use pressure differences
acrossbarrierstoaccomplishoneormoreofthefollowing: NFPA70®,NationalElectricalCode®,2008edition.
NFPA72®,NationalFireAlarmCode®,2007edition.
(1) Inhibit smoke from entering stairwells, means of egress,
NFPA90A,StandardfortheInstallationofAir-Conditioningand
smokerefugeareas,elevatorshafts,orsimilarareas
VentilatingSystems,2009edition.
(2) Maintainatenableenvironmentinsmokerefugeareasand
NFPA101®,LifeSafetyCode®,2009edition.
meansofegressduringthetimerequiredforevacuation
NFPA110,StandardforEmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems,
(3) Inhibitthemigrationofsmokefromthesmokezone
2005edition.
(4) Provide conditions outside the smoke zone that enable
NFPA221,StandardforHighChallengeFireWalls,FireWalls,
emergencyresponsepersonneltoconductsearchandres-
andFireBarrierWalls,2009edition.
cueoperationsandtolocateandcontrolthefire
(5) Contributetotheprotectionoflifeandtothereduction 2.3 OtherPublications.
ofpropertyloss
2.3.1 ULPublications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333
1.2.2 The requirements specifying the conditions under
PfingstenRoad,Northbrook,IL60062-2096.
whichasmoke-controlsystemshallbeprovidedareaddressed
byothercodesandstandards. ANSI/UL555S,StandardforSmokeDampers,2006.
2009Edition
C8E1AA59-9A2D-4E95-96A8-6EBB188F6FD4
DEFINITIONS 92A–5
2.3.2 OtherPublications. 3.3.6 Pressurized Stairwells. Atype of smoke-control system
inwhichstairshaftsaremechanicallypressurized,withrespect
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam-
tothefirearea,withoutdoorairtokeepsmokefromcontami-
Webster,Inc.,Springfield,MA,2003.
natingthemduringafireincident.
2.4 ReferencesforExtractsinMandatorySections.
3.3.7 Single-InjectionPressurizationSystem. Atypeofsmoke-
NFPA92B,StandardforSmokeManagementSystemsinMalls, controlsystemthathaspressurizationairsuppliedfromonly
Atria,andLargeSpaces,2009edition. onelocation.
NFPA318,StandardfortheProtectionofSemiconductorFabrica-
3.3.8 Smoke. Theairbornesolidandliquidparticulatesand
tionFacilities,2009edition.
gasesevolvedwhenamaterialundergoespyrolysisorcombus-
tion,togetherwiththequantityofairthatisentrainedoroth-
erwisemixedintothemass.[318,2009]
Chapter3 Definitions
3.3.9* Smoke Barrier. For the purposes of this standard, a
continuousmembrane,eitherverticalorhorizontal,suchasa
3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall
wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and con-
applytothetermsusedinthisstandard.Wheretermsarenot
structed to restrict the movement of smoke in conjunction
definedinthischapterorwithinanotherchapter,theyshall
withasmoke-controlsystem.
be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within
thecontextinwhichtheyareused.Merriam-Webster’sCollegiate 3.3.10 Smoke-Control Mode. A predefined operational con-
Dictionary,11thedition,shallbethesourcefortheordinarily figurationofasystemordeviceforthepurposeofsmokecontrol.
acceptedmeaning.
3.3.11 Smoke-Control System. An engineered system that
uses mechanical fans to produce pressure differences across
3.2 NFPAOfficialDefinitions.
smokebarrierstoinhibitsmokemovement.
3.2.1*Approved. Acceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdic-
3.3.11.1* Dedicated Smoke-Control System. Smoke-control
tion.
systemsandcomponentsthatareinstalledforthesolepur-
3.2.2* AuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ). An organization, pose of providing smoke control, and upon activation
office, or individual responsible for enforcing the require- these systems operate specifically to perform the smoke-
ments of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, controlfunction.
materials,aninstallation,oraprocedure.
3.3.11.2*NondedicatedSmoke-ControlSystems. Smoke-control
3.2.3 Shall. Indicatesamandatoryrequirement. systemsandcomponentsthatsharecomponentswithsome
3.2.4 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is othersystem(s),suchasthebuildingHVACsystem,andupon
advisedbutnotrequired. activationcausetheHVACsystemtochangeitsmodeofop-
erationinordertoachievethesmoke-controlobjectives.
3.2.5 Standard. Adocument,themaintextofwhichcontains
onlymandatoryprovisionsusingtheword“shall”toindicate 3.3.12 Smoke-Control Zone. A space within a building en-
requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for closedbysmokebarriers,includingthetopandbottom,thatis
mandatoryreferencebyanotherstandardorcodeorforadop- partofazonedsmoke-controlsystem.
tionintolaw.Nonmandatoryprovisionsshallbelocatedinan
3.3.13* Smoke Exhaust System. Amechanical or gravity sys-
appendixorannex,footnote,orfine-printnoteandarenotto
tem intended to move smoke from the smoke zone to the
beconsideredapartoftherequirementsofastandard.
exterior of the building, including smoke removal, purging,
and venting systems, as well as the function of exhaust fans
3.3 GeneralDefinitions.
utilizedtoreducethepressureinasmokezone.
3.3.1 CompensatedSystem. Asystemthatadjustsforchang-
ingconditionseitherbymodulatingsupplyairflowsorbyre- 3.3.14 SmokeRefugeArea. Anareaofthebuildingseparated
lievingexcesspressure. fromotherspacesbyfireresistanceratedsmokebarriersinwhich
atenableenvironmentismaintainedfortheperiodoftimethat
3.3.2*DesignPressureDifference. Thedesiredpressurediffer- suchareasmightneedtobeoccupiedatthetimeoffire.
encebetweentheprotectedspaceandanadjacentspacemea-
suredattheboundaryoftheprotectedspaceunderaspecified 3.3.15 Smoke Zone. The smoke-control zone in which the
setofconditionswiththesmoke-controlsystemoperating. fireislocated.
3.3.3 End-to-EndVerification. Aself-testingmethodthatpro- 3.3.16 Stack Effect. The vertical airflow within buildings
vides positive confirmation that the desired result (e.g., air- caused by the temperature-created density differences be-
flow or damper position) has been achieved when a con- tweenthebuildinginteriorandexteriororbetweentwointe-
trolled device has been activated, such as during smoke riorspaces.[92B,2009]
control,testing,ormanualoverrideoperations.
3.3.17*TenableEnvironment. Anenvironmentinwhichthe
3.3.4* Fire Fighters’ Smoke-Control Station (FSCS). Asystem products of combustion, including toxic gases, particulates,
thatprovidesgraphicalmonitoringandmanualoverridingcapa- andheat,arelimitedorotherwiserestrictedtomaintainthe
bilityoversmoke-controlsystemsandequipmentatdesignated impact on occupants to a level that is not life threatening.
location(s)withinthebuildingfortheuseofthefiredepartment. [92B,2009]
3.3.5 Multiple-Injection Pressurization System. A type of 3.3.18 ZonedSmoke-ControlSystem. Asmoke-controlsystem
smoke-control system that has pressurization air supplied thatincludessmokeexhaustforthesmokezoneandpressur-
frommultiplelocations. izationforallcontiguoussmoke-controlzones.
2009Edition
C8E1AA59-9A2D-4E95-96A8-6EBB188F6FD4
92A–6 SMOKE-CONTROLSYSTEMSUTILIZINGBARRIERSANDPRESSUREDIFFERENCES
Chapter4 Fundamentals 4.6.3 PressureDifferences.Themaximumandminimumal-
lowablepressuredifferencesacrosstheboundariesofsmoke-
4.1 DesignObjectives. controlzonesshallbeestablished.
4.1.1 Thedesignobjectivesshallincludeestablishmentand 4.6.3.1 Themaximumallowablepressuredifferenceshallnot
maintenance of pressure differences across smoke zone resultindoor-openingforcesexceedingtherequirementsof
boundaries. 5.2.2.
4.6.3.2 The minimum allowable pressure difference shall
4.1.2* The design objectives to be achieved over the design
restrictsmokeleakageduringbuildingevacuationtoalevel
interval time by a smoke-control system shall include one or
that maintains a tenable environment in areas outside the
moreofthefollowing:
smokezone.
(1) Containingthesmoketothezoneoffireorigin
4.6.3.3 Theminimumpressuredifferenceshallbeestablished
(2) Maintainingatenableenvironmentwithinexitstairwellsfor
atalevelthatishighenoughthatitwillnotbeovercomebythe
thetimenecessarytoallowoccupantstoexitthebuilding
forcesofwind,stackeffect,orbuoyancyofhotsmoke.
(3) Maintainingatenableenvironmentwithinallexitaccess (cid:127)
andsmokerefugeareaaccesspathsforthetimenecessary 4.7*GaseousFireSuppressionSystems.Theoperationofthe
toallowoccupantstoreachanexitorsmokerefugearea smoke-controlsystemshallnotcompromisetheperformance
(4) Otherperformance-baseddesignobjectivesacceptableto ofgaseousagentfireprotectionsystems.
theauthorityhavingjurisdiction
4.2 DesignBasis.
Chapter5 Smoke-ControlSystemsandApplicability
4.2.1* The design pressure difference for the smoke-control
system in a given building shall be based on the following
5.1*SystemOperation.
parameters:
5.1.1 Smoke-controlsystemsdesignedfortenabilityshallre-
(1) Whetherthesmokezoneissprinklered maineffectiveforthetimeperiodnecessaryforevacuationof
(2) Theheightoftheceilinginthesmokezone theprotectedareas.
4.2.2 TemperatureRatings. 5.1.2 Smoke-controlsystemsdesignedforotherconsiderations
shallremaineffectiveforthetimedictatedbytheapplication.
4.2.2.1 Thetemperatureratingsfortheequipmentusedfor
smoke control shall be based on the expected temperature 5.2 PressureDifferences.
experienced by the equipment while the equipment is in-
5.2.1*PressureDifferencesAcrossBarriers.
tendedtobeoperational.
5.2.1.1 Except as specified by 5.2.1.2, the pressure differ-
4.2.2.2 Temperatureratingsshallbebasedonthefollowing:
encesinTable5.2.1.1shallbeusedfordesignsthatarebased
(1) Proximitytothefire onmaintainingminimumpressuredifferencesbetweenspeci-
(2) Effects of dilution of the smoke and hot gases by en- fiedspaces.
trainedair
5.2.1.2 Where the system designer has determined that a
4.3 Design Approaches. The design approach for smoke- higher minimum pressure difference is necessary to achieve
controlsystemsshallbeoneoracombinationofthefollowing:
(1) Stairwellpressurization
Table5.2.1.1 MinimumDesignPressureDifferencesAcross
(2) Zonedsmokecontrol
SmokeBarriers
(3) Elevatorsmokecontrol
(4) Vestibules
(5) Smokerefugeareas DesignPressure
Building Ceiling Difference*
4.4*Tenability.Forsmoke-controlsystemsdesignedtomain- Type Height(ft) (in.w.g.)
taintenabilityofaportionofspace,thedesignshallbebased
onmaintainingpressuresintheprotectedspaceatthespeci- AS Any 0.05
fiedlevelwithrespecttoadjacentcontaminatedspaces. NS 9 0.10
NS 15 0.14
4.5*EgressAnalysis.Wherethedesignofthesmoke-control
NS 21 0.18
systemisbasedonoccupantsexitingaspacebeforebeingex-
posed to smoke or before tenability thresholds are reached,
ForSIunits,1ft=0.305m;0.1in.w.g.=25Pa.
there shall be sufficient time for the movement of the occu-
AS:Sprinklered.NS:Nonsprinklered.
pantsasdeterminedbyatimedegressanalysis.
Notes:
4.6 DesignConsiderations. (1)Thetablepresentsminimumdesignpressuredifferencesdevel-
oped for a gas temperature of 1700°F (927°C) next to the smoke
4.6.1*OpeningsandLeakageAreas.Designsshallincorporate barrier.
theeffectofopeningsandleakageareasinsmokebarrierson (2)Fordesignpurposes,asmoke-controlsystemshallmaintainthese
theperformanceofthesmoke-controlsystem. minimumpressuredifferencesunderspecifieddesignconditionsof
stackeffectorwind.
4.6.2* Weather Data. Designs shall incorporate the effect of *For zoned smoke-control systems, the pressure difference shall be
outdoor temperature and wind on the performance of the measuredbetweenthesmokezoneandadjacentspaceswhiletheaf-
smoke-controlsystem. fectedareasareinthesmoke-controlmode.
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the smoke-control objectives, the higher minimum pressure 5.5*ZonedSmokeControl.
differenceshallbeused.
5.5.1 Smoke-ControlZones.
5.2.2*PressureDifferencesAcrossDoors.Thepressurediffer-
5.5.1.1 Whenzonedsmokecontrolistobeused,thebuilding
encesacrossdoorsshallnotcausethemaximumforcepermit-
shall be divided into smoke-control zones, with each zone
tedtobeginopeningthedoortoexceedthevaluestipulated
separatedfromtheothersbysmokebarriers.
inNFPA101orlocalcodesandregulations.
5.5.1.1.1*Asmoke-controlzoneshallbepermittedtoconsist
5.3 StairwellPressurizationSystems.
ofoneormorefloors.
5.3.1* General. The pressure difference between the smoke 5.5.1.1.2 Afloorshallbepermittedtoconsistofoneormore
zoneandthestairwellshallbeasfollows: smoke-controlzones.
(1) Notlessthantheminimumpressuredifferencespecified 5.5.1.2 The zoned smoke-control system shall be designed
in5.2.1 such that when zoned smoke control is active, the pressure
(2) Notgreaterthanthemaximumpressuredifferencespeci- differences between the adjacent nonsmoke zones and the
fiedin5.2.2withthenumberofdoorsbetweenzeroand smoke zone meet or exceed the minimum design pressure
thedesignnumberofdoorsopen differences given in 5.2.1, and at locations with doors, the
pressuredifferenceshallnotexceedthevaluesgivenin5.2.2.
5.3.2 LocationofSupplyAirSource.
5.5.2 SmokeZoneExhaust.
5.3.2.1 Thestairwellpressurizationsystemdesignshalllimit
smokefromenteringthestairwellthroughthepressurization 5.5.2.1 The smoke zone exhaust shall discharge to the out-
fanintake. sideofthebuilding.
5.3.2.2* The supply air intake shall be separated from all 5.5.2.2 Thesmokezoneexhaustshallbepermittedtobeei-
buildingexhausts,outletsfromsmokeshaftsandroofsmoke thermechanicalornaturalventilation.
and heat vents, open vents from elevator shafts, and other
5.5.2.3 Design of the smoke zone exhaust system shall in-
buildingopeningsthatmightexpelsmokefromthebuilding
cludeanengineeringanalysisofthestackandwindeffects.
inafire.
5.6*SmokeRefugeAreas.
5.3.3 SupplyAirFans.
5.6.1 A nonsmoke zone of a zoned smoke-control system
5.3.3.1* Propeller Fans. Roof or exterior wall-mounted pro- shallbepermittedtobeusedasanareaintendedtoprotect
peller fans shall be permitted to be used in single-injection occupantsfortheperiodoftimeneededforevacuationorto
systems,providedthatwindshieldsareprovidedforthefan. provideasmokerefugearea.
5.3.3.2 OtherTypesofFans.Centrifugalorin-lineaxialfans 5.6.2 For areas of refuge adjacent to stairwells or elevators,
shallbepermittedtobeusedinsingle-ormultiple-injection provisions shall be made to prevent the loss of pressure or
systems. excessivepressuresduetotheinteractionbetweenthesmoke
refugeareasmokecontrolandtheshaftsmokecontrol.
5.3.4*Single-andMultiple-InjectionSystems.
5.7*CombinationofSystems.Smoke-controlsystemsshallbe
5.3.4.1 Single-InjectionSystems.
designedsuchthatwheremultiplesmoke-controlsystemsop-
5.3.4.1.1*Theairinjectionpointforasingle-injectionsystem eratesimultaneously,eachsystemwillmeetitsindividualde-
shall be permitted to be located at any location within the signobjectives.
stairwell.
5.3.4.1.2* Design analysis shall be performed for all single-
bottom-injectionsystemsandforallothersingle-injectionsys- Chapter6 BuildingEquipmentandControls
temsforstairwellsinexcessof100ft(30.5m)inheight.
6.1 General.Equipmentandcontrolsusedforsmoke-control
5.3.4.2* Multiple-Injection Systems. For system designs with
purposesshallbeinaccordancewithChapter6.
injectionpointsmorethanthreestoriesapart,adesignanaly-
sisshallbeperformedtoensurethatlossofpressurizationair 6.2* Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
throughopendoorsdoesnotleadtostairwellpressurization Equipment.
belowtheminimumdesignpressure.
6.2.1 General.HVACequipmentusedforsmoke-controlpur-
5.3.5 Vestibules. posesshallbepermittedtobelocatedwithintheconditioned
space, within adjacent spaces, or within remote mechanical
5.3.5.1*Vestibulesshallnotberequiredbutshallbepermitted equipmentrooms.
aspartofthebuildingsmoke-controlsystem.
6.2.2 OutsideAir.HVACsystemsusedforsmoke-controlpur-
5.3.5.2*Wherevestibulesareprovided,eitherpressurizedor posesshallbeprovidedwithoutsideairforpressurization.
nonpressurizedvestibulesshallbepermitted.
6.2.3 Where supply and return air systems are intercon-
5.3.6 Doors. Doors located in smoke barriers shall be self- nected as part of normal HVAC operation, smoke dampers
closing or shall be arranged to close automatically upon the shall be provided to separate the supply and exhaust during
activationofthesmoke-controlsystem. smoke-controloperation.
(cid:127)
5.4*ElevatorSmokeControl.Whereelevatorsmokecontrolis 6.3 Smoke Dampers. Smoke dampers used to protect open-
required,aseparatezoneshallbeestablished. ings in smoke barriers or used as safety-related dampers in
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