Жанры англоязычной периодической печати. Newspapers Genres: texts for reading

144 Pages·6.824 MB·English-Russian

by  Лущинская О.В., Корзюк Н.Н., Соловьев П.Л. (сост.)

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-3-923
Ж31

Серия основана в 2001 году

С о с т а в и т е л и:
О. В. Лущинская, Н. Н. Корзюк,
П. Л. Соловьев

Утверждено
на заседании кафедры английского языка
и речевой коммуникации БГУ
22 сентября 2006 г., протокол № 2

Р е ц е н з е н т
кандидат филологических наук, доцент
кафедры английского языка гуманитарных
факультетов БГУ И. В. Крюковская

Жанры англоязычной периодической печати: хрест. текстов
Ж31 СМИ = Newspapers Genres: texts for reading : пособие для студентов
I–III курсов фак. журналистики / сост. : О. В. Лущинская, Н. Н. Кор-
зюк, П. Л. Соловьев. – Минск : БГУ, 2008. – 144 с. – (Англ. яз. для
спец. целей).
ISBN 978-985-518-015-0.

В хрестоматии содержатся оригинальные тексты из современных амери-
канских и британских газет, отобранные с учетом их жанровой репрезентации.
Дается краткая информация о жанрах СМИ.
Предназначено для студентов I–III курсов факультета журналистики.

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-3-923

ISBN 978-985-518-015-0 © БГУ, 2008
ВВЕДЕНИЕ

В хрестоматии содержатся примеры оригинальных текстов, взятых
из англоязычной прессы, а именно из британских газет The Times,
The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Mail, The Guardian и американских The
New York Times, The International Herald Tribune.
Обучение умениям и навыкам чтения оригинальных печатных мате-
риалов СМИ является составной частью программы курса «Английский
для журналистов» (см. «Программу обучения профессионально ориенти-
рованному общению на иностранных языках»; под общ. ред. Л. В. Хвед-
чени. Минск, БГУ, 2005). В рамках данной программы предполагается
также овладение знаниями о жанровой организации этих материалов.
Цель хрестоматии – представить оригинальный материал печатных
СМИ – газет с учетом их жанровой принадлежности, показав специфику
организации этих материалов в прессе двух направлений: качественной и
популярной.
Существуют некоторые расхождения в классификации газетных
текстов СМИ в белорусскоязычной и англоязычной культуре. В этой свя-
зи мы посчитали необходимым поместить в приложении информацию о
жанровом разнообразии газетных текстов в англоязычной культуре и то,
как данные жанры понимаются и трактуются в ней, а также классифика-
цию жанров в белорусскоязычных печатных СМИ, принимая во внима-
ние разные подходы к их определению. Кроме того, в хрестоматии при-
меры оригинальных газетных текстов подобраны с учетом рубрик,
свойственных англоязычной прессе. В современной зарубежной журна-
листике наряду с жанром в чистом виде наблюдается тенденция исполь-
зования синтезированных жанров, которые включают в себя сочетание
нескольких жанров.
Полагаем, что хрестоматия поможет студентам глубже понять жан-
ровое разнообразие газетных текстов в другой культуре, а также их
структуру.
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NEWS

News articles about current international, national, state and local events
are usually found in the front section of a newspaper though some may be
found in another section (the business section, for instance). The subject of a
news article is always current, new and important to readers.
News articles generally follow an "inverted pyramid". The first sentence
of the article, or lead, gives the most important facts (who, what, when,
where), and the following paragraphs present, in descending order of impor-
tance, the details of the event, incident, or issue (how, why). A news article
should strive to remain objective and should use neutral language while pre-
senting a diversity of opinions, voices, and perspectives of the event, incident,
or issue under discussion. You should quote sources knowledgeable about the
topic of the article, and most of your research will involve interviewing people
rather than reading through written sources.

News articles
report information objectively without opinion and without advertise-
•
ment
use an inverted (upside-down) pyramid structure so that the most impor-
•
tant information comes first, followed by increasingly less important in-
formation
include the 5 W's and 1 H (who, what, where, when, why and how) in
•
the first one or two sentences (often called the lead)
include relevant details that answer anticipated questions
•
avoid the sensational
•
limit details to facts only
•
are brief
•
use fairly short and uncomplicated sentences
•
begin a new paragraph for every new idea
•
use two – or three – sentence paragraphs only
•
have a headline that states the subject
•
have a byline (by followed by the writer's name)
•
follow standard GUM rules
•
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Hard News

US PANEL ON IRAQ TO RECOMMEND
GRADUAL PULLBACK

By Philippe Naughton

A heavyweight bipartisan panel is to recommend a gradual pullback of
American forces in Iraq that will transform the US role from one of combat to
one of support, major US newspapers reported today.
The reports on the conclusions of the Iraq Study Group, headed by James
Baker, the former US Secretary of State, said that the ten-strong panel had
stopped short, however, of setting a firm timetable for an eventual exit from
Iraq.
The panel's report is to be delivered to President Bush next week, but Mr.
Bush said today after a meeting in Jordan with Nouri al – Maliki, the Iraqi
Prime Minister, that US forces would remain on the battlegrounds of Iraq as
long as necessary.
Mr. Bush did say, however, that the two men had agreed to speed up the
handover of security responsibility to Iraqi forces. He also spoke out against
talk of Iraq's eventual partitioning.
The Amman summit had been due to kick off last night with a three-way
meeting also including their host, King Abdullah.
But that was called off at the last minute, apparently because of Iraqi an-
ger at a leaked memo from Stephen Hadley, Mr. Bush's National Security Ad-
viser, criticizing the Shia politician as being overly partisan and either weak or
ignorant of the situation in Iraq.
At a joint press conference this morning, Mr. Bush was at pains to praise
the Iraqi leader as the "right guy" for the job.
"He is the right guy for Iraq", Mr. Bush said. "We are going to help him
and it is in our interest to help him for the sake of peace... He is a strong leader
and wants a free and democratic Iraq to succeed".
Mr. Bush added: "The first thing that gives me confidence is that he
wants responsibility. What I appreciate is his attitude. Instead of saying Amer-
ica you go solve the problem we have a prime minister who says: "Stop hold-
ing me back, I want to solve the problem".
"I appreciate his courage – he has got courage and has shown courage for
the past six months" since he took power. He has shown a deep desire to unify
his country".
The New York Times reported today that the Iraq Study Group, headed by
Mr. Baker and Lee Hamilton, had agreed on a compromise between distinct
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paths that it had debated since March. It had avoided a specific timetable,
which was opposed by Mr. Bush, but will make clear that the American com-
mitment should not be open-ended.
"I think everyone felt good about where we ended up", one person "in-
volved in the commission's debates" told the newspaper. "It is neither 'cut and
run' nor 'stay the course".
Although the group's report is expected to be given serious consideration
by the White House – especially given Mr. Baker's role as a long-standing
Bush family confidant – the panel's members have been constrained by the
President's repeated declarations that US forces would remain in Iraq until
their mission was complete.
Mr. Bush continued on that tack today after his 2-1/2-hour meeting with
Mr. al-Maliki. "It’s in our interests to help liberty prevail in the Middle East,
starting with Iraq - and that’s why this business about graceful exit simply has
no realism to it at all", he said.
The Baker commission is also expected to call for a regional conference
on Iraq, which would involve directly involving both Syria and Iran on their
neighbor's future.
Mr. al-Maliki said that his country wanted good ties with its neighbors
but warned them against external meddling. "Iraq is for Iraqis. Its frontiers are
defended and we will not allow them to be violated or let people interfere in
our internal affairs", he said.
The Times,
30 November, 2006

CLARKE ACCUSES CABINET
OF RUSHING DECISION
ON TRIDENT REPLACEMENT

By Andrew Grice, Political Editor

Charles Clarke, the former cabinet minister, has put himself at the head
of the Lab our rebellion against plans to replace Britain’s Trident nuclear
weapons system.
In a speech last night, Mr. Clarke said the Government was in danger of
equipping the nation to "fight the last war" and the Cold War rather than the
threats facing it in the 21st century.
The former home secretary told the Fabian Society that the Cabinet was
rushing a decision it did not need to make for years. A White Paper is ex-
pected before Christmas and will be voted on by MPs after a three-month con-
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sultation exercise. Tony Blair and Gordon Brown have signaled their support
for building a "son of Trident" submarine-based system, which could cost up
to £30bn.
Mr. Clarke called for a more flexible and outward-looking approach to
Britain's national security to reflect the changing nature of the many and var-
ied threats it faced over the next 15 to 20 years.
While welcoming the forthcoming debate on the issue, he was "extremely
skeptical" of the need to take an early decision and to replace Trident. "It is a
very expensive weapon system which was developed in the Cold War to meet
the conditions of the Cold War which ended 17 years ago, and it is still capa-
ble of functioning fully for about another 15 years from now", Mr. Clarke
said.
"There is a strong case for prioritizing our security spending on what are
likely to be the main security threats we face in the future, rather than building
new weapons to fight the last war".
MPs are gearing up for a battle over Britain's independent deterrent.
Forty-two MPs have signed a Commons motion calling on ministers to publish
all the possible options and their costs to ensure an informed debate.
Another motion attacks the Government for deciding its position before
the consultation exercise and deplores moves to deny Lab our backbenchers a
free vote. Two separate motions, tabled by Lab our and Tory MPs, call for at
least a year-long discussion before MPs vote.
In his speech, entitled The World after Bush, Mr. Clarke also called on
the European Union to adopt more proactive and co-ordinated foreign and de-
fense policies, notably on the Middle East, Iraq and Afghanistan.

The Independent,
30 November, 2006

MIGRANT TIDE IS TOO MUCH, SAYS FIELD

By Phillip Johnston and Toby Helm

Politicians are "living on borrowed time" over the unprecedented levels
of immigration, a senior Lab our backbencher said yesterday.
Frank Field, the former welfare reform minister and a highly respected
party veteran, said present policy was "unsustainable". He is the most signifi-
cant centre-Left figure to warn about the apparently untrammeled influx of
foreign workers and their families.
Ministers say there is "no obvious limit" to the numbers who could come
in and maintain that the economy needs migrants to function. But council
chiefs said this week that services across the country were finding it difficult
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to cope with the sudden arrival of hundreds of thousands of people for whom
financial plans had not been made.
They also questioned the basis of the Government's approach when Brit-
ain had more than seven million people described as "economically inactive".
Mr. Field, speaking to the BBC, said Britain was in danger of becoming a
"global traffic station" for migrant workers. He urged politicians on all sides to
stop ignoring public concern before the issue was more effectively exploited
by far-Right organizations such as the British National Party.
He also said he doubted whether the levels of immigration could be ab-
sorbed without dramatic changes to Britain's nature and culture.
"This is the most massive transformation of our population. Do we
merely accept this as another form of globalization? That it doesn't matter
where you are, or that you belong to a country and have roots? That we are all
just following the jobs?"
Mr. Field, the MP for Birkenhead, said people who questioned mass im-
migration were often accused of "playing the race card" but this was "just an-
other way of closing down debate". He added: "There will be economic gains
but I am just rising whether any country can sustain the rate of immigration
we are now suffering.
"If we are not careful, we will be transformed into a global traffic station
and that is not what most people mean by being part of 'a country. It is only
because the BNP are so inept that the debate has not taken off."
Mr. Field said mainstream politicians had to address immigration "before
the BNP stumbles on somebody with talent". He said: "We are living on bor-
rowed time. We cannot continue on the assumption that the BNP will present
leaders which turn off most voters, even if what they are saying is important."
Since last year's general election, when the Tories promised a ceiling on
immigration and Tony Blair pledged a national debate, there had been virtual
silence, he said.
But Nick Clegg, the Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesman, de-
nounced Mr. Field's comments. "There is a fine line between political candour
on the sensitive issue of immigration, and downright scare-mongering. In
making his remarks in this way, Frank Field failed this test and risks exacer-
bating precisely those public concerns he is urging us to confront."
Sir Andrew Green, the chairman of Migration watch, said Mr. Field was
"astonishingly brave" to raise the issue. "We have for too long ducked a seri-
ous debate on the scale of immigration. The Government have done their best
to bury the numbers and the Conservatives seem to have lost their nerve."
Since Enoch Powell's dire warnings in the late 1960s, politicians have
been reluctant to raise the immigration issue. Last month, Margaret Hodge, the
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industry minister, said white working-class families in her east London con-
stituency felt so neglected by the Government and angered by immigration
that they were deserting Lab our and flocking to the BNP.
Britain is experiencing its biggest wave of immigration, mainly as a re-
sult of the expansion of the EU in 2004 from 15 to 25 members. The commu-
nity took in eight former communist nations, plus Cyprus and Malta. Britain,
Sweden and Ireland were the only three members not to exercise their right
impose limits on the number workers who could enter in t years following
enlargement.
When Powell was warning of t impact of immigration in his "rivers of
blood" speech, annual net migration was around 70,000. Last year, it was
more than 200,000.
Since Lab our came to power in 1997, British citizenship has been
granted to almost one million foreign nationals, easily the highest settlement
rate in history. More than half were under 34.
Phil Woolas, the community cohesion minister, said: "Of course we need
to debate it and listen to the point people make but we need to base a debate
on the facts.
"I do not accept that this Government has not discussed race and immi-
gration."
The Daily Telegraph,
Thursday, June 29, 2006

BEREZOVSKY TRIBUTE TO 'BRAVE
AND HONOURABLE' FRIEND LITVINENKO

By Jeevan Vasagar

The exiled Russian businessman, Boris Berezovsky, paid tribute last
night to the "bravery, determination and honour" of Alexander Litvinenko, the
former Russian spy, who died last week after ingesting a radioactive poison.
In his first public comments on the case, Mr. Berezovsky said he was
"deeply saddened" by the former KGB agent's death, and his thoughts were
with Mr. Litvinenko's widow Marina, his son, and the rest of his family.
The two men were friends and allies. Mr. Litvinenko spent time in prison
in Russia after going public with a claim that the FSB, Russia's internal secu-
rity service, ordered him to murder Mr. Berezovsky.
Mr. Berezovsky, who made a fortune from cars, oil and the media, is
thought to own the north London house where Mr. Litvinenko lived and also
employed him as an adviser.
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In a statement, Mr. Berezovsky said: "I am deeply saddened at the loss of
my friend Alexander Litvinenko. I credit him with saving my life and he re-
mained a close friend and ally ever since. I will remember him for his bravery,
his determination and his honour."
Referring to claims that the Kremlin ordered Mr. Litvinenko's assassina-
tion, Mr. Berezovsky said he had already expressed his views and now wanted
to let the police get on with their work.
An autopsy of the former spy's body will be carried out on Friday under
strict precautions to ensure radioactive contamination does not spread and
cause further deaths.
Mr. Litvinenko's death on Thursday led to a public health alert after
traces of polonium 210, the lethal radioactive substance found in his body,
were discovered at a number of locations in London.
Eight people have been referred to a specialist clinic to be assessed for
possible exposure to radiation, the Health Protection Agency said yesterday.
The postmortem examination will take place a day after the inquest is
opened at St Pancras coroner's court, north London.
Meanwhile Tony Blair said yesterday that no "diplomatic or political bar-
rier" would be allowed to stand in the way of the investigation into Mr Litvi-
nenko's death. At a press conference while en route to a Nato summit in Riga,
Mr. Blair said the death was being treated as a "very, very serious matter".

The Guardian,
November 29, 2006

Soft News

MORTALITY RATE WOULD PLUNGE
WITHOUT PASSIVE SMOKING

By Martha Kerr

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) – Eliminating exposure to secondhand to-
bacco smoke could reduce the number of deaths related to heart disease in the
United States by more than 500,000 over the next 25 years, according to re-
searchers at the University of California, San Francisco.
The risk from passive smoking is currently estimated to be equivalent to
actively smoking one cigarette per day, Dr. Kirsten Bobbins-Domingo told at-
tendees of the American Heart Association's 7th Scientific Forum on Quality
of Care and Outcomes Research, being held this week in Washington, DC.
Using the updated data from the latest National Health and Nutrition Ex-
amination Survey (NHANES III) and estimates of heart disease risk based on
the Framingham Heart Study and other studies, Bobbins-Domingo and col-
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leagues assessed the impact of ending passive smoking, using 2005 as the first
year and projecting out to 2030.
Between 15 and 25 percent of individuals report that they are exposed to
passive smoke in the home or workplace. Blood samples evaluated for co-
tinine levels, a chemical marker of exposure to tobacco smoke, indicated that
exposure is actually closer to 29 to 43 percent of the population, Bobbins-
Domingo told Reuters Health. "More people are exposed to passive smoke
than they realize and likewise, the annual heart disease deaths per year (related
to passive smoking) are underestimated."
Depending on the level of exposure, Bobbins-Domingo estimated that
passive smoking is responsible for between 9,500 and 21,500 coronary heart
disease-related deaths annually and between 14,600 and 32,400 heart attacks
annually. The lower estimate is based on self-reports of exposure; the higher
estimate is based on measurements of cotinine levels in the blood.
If passive smoking were eliminated now, by the year 2030 up to 953,200
new cases of coronary heart disease would be prevented, averting 842,900
heart attacks and 580,600 heart disease-related deaths, she predicted.
"The take-home message is that the burden of passive smoking is very
real. This should drive public policy. Passive smoking in public places should
be eliminated," Bobbins-Domingo asserted.
"The coasts have been pretty good in adopting these policies. Ten states
have a complete ban on workplace smoking… But then there is the whole rest
of the country" that is lagging behind.
"A nationwide passive smoking ban would have a dramatic effect," the
California investigator concluded. "These public policies can eventually have
an effect on personal habits."

Reuters 2006. All Rights Reserved

DON'T BLAME JOB STRESS FOR HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE

By Anne Harding

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) – The notion that being stressed out on the
job causes high blood pressure doesn't hold up, according to a new analysis of
studies involving more than 100,000 people.
"There's no doubt that in the moment stress raises blood pressure," the
study's author, Dr. Samuel J. Mann of Weill Cornell Medical College in New
York, told Reuters Health. But there's virtually no evidence, he said, that such
stress leads to chronic high blood pressure, or hypertension. "They've been
trying to prove that for 40 years."
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