Newnes Passive and Discrete Circuits Pocket Book

393 Pages·2000·2.87 MB·English

by  R M MARSTON

Newnes
Passive and
Discrete Circuits
I dedicate this book to the memory of my Lady, Esther Taylor, who
has been my best friend, my companion, and the centre of my life
for the past thirteen years. Sadly, Esther died on December 18th,
1999, just three weeks after I completed writing the manuscript of
this book and a mere seven days before Christmas. I feel lost with-
out her.
Newnes
Passive and
Discrete Circuits
Electronic Circuits
Pocket Book
Volume 2
Second edition
R. M. Marston
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG
MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
Newnes
An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
225WildwoodAvenue,Woburn, MA 01801-2041
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group
First published 1993
Reprinted 1996, 1997, 1998
Second edition 2000
© R. M. Marston 1993, 2000
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by
electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some
other use of this publication) without the written permission of the
copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London,
England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder’s written
permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to
the publishers
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of
Congress
ISBN 0 7506 4192 4
Typeset byAvocetTypeset, Brill, Aylesbury, Bucks
Printed and bound in Great Britain byAntony Rowe
Contents
Preface vii
1 Passive electrical component guide 1
2 Relays, meters and motors 41
3 Modern sensors and transducers 69
4 Passive attenuator circuits 90
5 Passive and active filter circuits 105
6 Modern bridge circuits 126
7 Basic diode circuits 148
8 Special diode circuits 168
9 Transistor principles 180
10 Transistor amplifier circuits 189
11 Transistor waveform generator circuits 220
12 Miscellaneous transistor circuits 238
13 Optoelectronic circuits 262
14 FET basics 279
15 JFET circuits 291
16 MOSFET and CMOS circuits 301
17 VMOS circuits 312
18 Modern UJT circuits 324
19 SCR circuits 335
20 Triac circuits 346
Index 373
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Preface
Passive electrical components (resistors, capacitors, inductors, and
switches, etc.) and transducers (relays, loudspeakers, ‘phones, and
thermistors, etc.) and simple ‘discrete’semiconductor devices such
as diodes, transistors, SCRs, and triacs, etc., form the very bedrock
on which the whole field of modern electronics is built, and from
which all modern electronic circuits (including those using linear
or digital ICs) have evolved. This fully revised and expanded
second edition of this information-packed book is a single-volume
applications guide to the most popular and useful of these devices,
and presents a total of 681 diagrams, tables, and carefully selected
practical circuits, backed up by over 86,000 words of highly
informative text. It explains the basic features and important
details of modern passive and active discrete components, and
shows how to use them in a wide range of practical applications.
The book is aimed directly at those engineers, technicians, students
and competent experimenters who can build a design directly from
a circuit diagram, and if necessary modify it to suit individual
needs. It deals with its subjects in an easy-to-read, concise, and
highly practical and mainly non-mathematical manner. Each chap-
ter deals with a specific type or class of device, and starts off by
explaining the basic principles of its subject and then goes on to
present the reader with a wide spectrum of data, tables and (where
relevant) practical applications circuits.
The book is split into twenty distinct chapters. The first three
explain important practical features of the available ranges of
modern passive electrical components, including relays, meters,
motors, sensors and transducers. Chapters 4 to 6 deal with the
design of practical attenuators, filters, and ‘bridge’circuits. The
remaining fourteen chapters deal with specific types of discrete
semiconductor device, including various types of diode, transis-
tors, JFETs, MOSFETs, VMOS devices, UJTs, SCRs, triacs, and
various optoelectronic devices.
Throughout the volume, great emphasis is placed on practical
‘user’information and circuitry; most of the active devices used in
the practical circuits are modestly priced and readily available
types, with universally recognised type numbers.
Note in this book that the values of resistors and capacitors, etc.,
are notated in the International style that is now used throughout
most of the western world, but which may not be familiar to some
‘hobbyist’readers in the USA. Such readers should thus note the
following points regarding the use of the International notation
stylein circuit diagrams:
(1) In resistance notation, the symbol R represents unitsof resist-
ance, k represents thousandsof units, and M represents millionsof
units. Thus, 10R = 10 , 47k = 47k , 47M = 47M .
(2) In capacitance notation, the symbols µ, n (= 1000pF), and p are
viii
used as basic multiplier units. Thus, 47µ = 47µF, 10n = 0.01µF, and
47p = 47pF.
(3) In the international notation system, decimal points are gener-
ally not used in notation and are replaced by the multiplier symbol
(such as V, k, n, µ, etc.,) applicable to the individual component
value. Thus, 4V7 = 4.7V, 1R5 = 1.5 , 4k7 = 4.7k , 4n7 = 4.7nF,
and 1n0 = 1.0nF = 0.001µF.
R. M. Marston
Fuengirola (Spain)
2000
1 Passive electrical components guide
Modern electronic circuit design is based on the interaction between
passive electrical components or transducers and various types of
active rectifying, amplifying, or switching devices. The practical
electronics design engineer needs a good understanding of all these
elements in order to generate truly cost-effective and reliable
designs that will continue to function correctly under hostile oper-
ating conditions.
This opening chapter takes an in-depth look at the five major types
of passive component, i.e., resistors, capacitors, inductors, trans-
formers, and switches, and provides the reader with a concise but
comprehensive guide to their symbology, pertinent formulae, basic
data, major features, and identification codes, etc.
Guide to modern resistors
Either of two basic symbols can be used to represent a resistor, and
Figures 1.1and1.2show their major family ‘sets’. Internationally,
the most widely acceptable of these is the ‘zig-zag’family of Figure
1.1; these symbols may be subjected to some artistic variation, with
the number of zig-zag arms varying from two to five. The alterna-
tive ‘box’symbols of Figure 1.2are rarely used outside of Western
Europe.
The most widely used resistance formulae are the simple ‘ohms’
and ‘power’ones listed in Figure 1.3, and the series and parallel
‘equivalents’ones shown in Figures 1.4and1.5.These formulae are
valid under dc and low-frequency ac conditions only; all practical
Figure 1.1. Internationally-accepted symbols for various types
of resistor and variable potentiometer (pot).