New Vistas in Agroforestry: A Compendium for 1st World Congress of Agroforestry, 2004

467 Pages·2004·5.03 MB·English

by  M. R. Rao

Serieseditor:
P.K.R.Nair
SchoolofForestResourcesandConservation,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,USA.
Volume1
NEW VISTAS IN AGROFORESTRY
A Compendium forthe 1stWorldCongress ofAgroforestry, 2004
EditedbyP.K.R.Nair, M.R.Rao,and L.E. Buck
Reprinted fromthejournalAgroforestrySystems,Volumes61 &62,2004
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN 978-90-481-6673-2 ISBN 978-94-017-2424-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1
printedonacid-freepaper
Allrightreserved
©2004Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004
No part of the material protected by this copyrightnotice may be reproducedor utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recordingor by any informationstorage and retrieval
system,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.
AimsandScope
Agroforestry, the purposefulgrowing of trees and crops in interacting combinations,beganto attain prominence
inthelate1970s,whentheinternationalscientificcommunityembraceditspotentialsinthetropicsandrecognized
itasapracticeinsearchofscience.Duringthe1990s,therelevanceofagroforestryforsolvingproblemsrelatedto
deteriorationoffamilyfarms,increasedsoilerosion,surfaceandgroundwaterpollution,anddecreasedbiodiversity
was recognized in the industrialized nations too. Thus, agroforestry is now receiving increasing attention as a
sustainable land-management option the world over because of its ecological, economic, and social attributes.
Consequently,theknowledge-baseofagroforestryisbeingexpandedatarapidrateasillustratedbytheincreasing
numberandqualityofscientificpublicationsofvariousformsondifferentaspectsofagroforestry.
Makingfullandefficientuseofthisupsurgeinscientificagroforestryisbothachallengeandanopportunitytothe
agroforestryscientificcommunity.Inordertohelppreparethemselvesbetterforfacingthechallengeandseizing
the opportunity, agoroforestryscientists needaccess to synthesized informationon multi-dimensionalaspects of
scientificagroforesty.
Theaimofthisnewbook-series,AdvancesinAgroforestry,istoofferstate-of-theartsynthesisofresearchresults
and evaluationsrelating to differentaspects of agroforestry. Its scope is broadenoughto encompassany and all
aspectsofagroforestryresearchanddevelopment.Contributionsarewelcomeaswellassolicitedfromcompetent
authors on any aspect of agroforestry. Volumes in the series will consist of reference books, subject-specific
monographs, peer-reviewedpublicationsoutof conferences, comprehensiveevaluationsof specific projects, and
other book-lengthcompilations of scientific and professionalmerit and relevance to the science and practice of
agroforestryworldwide.
Contents
Volume1
Preface 1
Introduction
AgroforestryandtheachievementoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals
byD.P.Garrity 5
Systems,Practices,andComponents
HardwoodsilvopasturemanagementinNorthAmerica
by H.E. Garrett, M.S. Kerley, K.P. Ladyman, W.D. Walter, L.D. Godsey, J.W. Van Sambeek and
D.K.Brauer 21
Riparian forest buffersin agroecosystems– lessons learned from the Bear Creek Watershed, central
Iowa,USA
byR.C.Schultz,T.M.Isenhart,W.W.SimpkinsandJ.P.Colletti 35
Short-rotationwoodycropsandphytoremediation:Opportunitiesforagroforestry?
by D.L.Rockwood, C.V. Naidu, D.R. Carter, M. Rahmani, T.A.Spriggs, C. Lin, G.R. Alker, J.G.
IsebrandsandS.A.Segrest 51
WindbreaksinNorthAmericanagriculturalsystems
byJ.R.Brandle,L.HodgesandX.H.Zhou 65
Organicfarmingandagroforestry:Alleycroppingformulchproductionfororganicfarmsofsoutheast-
ernUnitedStates
byC.F.Jordan 79
Mechanizedlandpreparationinforest-basedfallowsystems:TheexperiencefromEasternAmazonia
by M. Denich, K. Vielhauer, M.S. de A. Kato, A. Block, O.R. Kato, T.D.de AbreuSá, W. Lücke
andP.L.G.Vlek 91
Medicinalandaromaticplantsinagroforestrysystems
byM.R.Rao,M.C.PaladaandB.N.Becker 107
Forestgardensasan ‘intermediate’land-usesystem inthe nature–culturecontinuum:Characteristics
andfuturepotential
byK.F.Wiersum 123
Theenigmaoftropicalhomegardens
byB.M.KumarandP.K.R.Nair 135
BiologicalandEcologicalIssues
Naturevs.nurture:managingrelationshipsbetweenforests,agroforestryandwildbiodiversity
byJ.A.McNeely 155
Treedomesticationintropicalagroforestry
byA.J.SimonsandR.R.B.Leakey 167
Managingbiologicalandgeneticdiversityintropicalagroforestry
byK.Atta-Krah,R.Kindt,J.N.SkiltonandW.Amaral 183
WhyextensiveresearchanddevelopmentdidnotpromoteuseofpeachpalmfruitinLatinAmerica
by C.R. Clement, J.C. Weber, J. van Leeuwen, C.A. Domian, D.M. Cole, L.A.A. Lopez and H.
Argüello 195
Exploitingthepotentialofindigenousagroforestrytrees:ParkiabiglobosaandVitellariaparadoxain
sub-SaharanAfrica
byZ.Teklehaimanot 207
Ecologicalinteractions,managementlessonsanddesigntoolsintropicalagroforestrysystems
byL.García-BarriosandC.K.Ong 221
Interspecificinteractionsintemperateagroforestry
byS.Jose,A.R.GillespieandS.G.Pallardy 237
Ecology of tree intercropping systems in the North temperate region: Experiences from southern
Ontario,Canada
byN.V.ThevathasanandA.M.Gordon 257
Agroforestry as an approach to minimizing nutrient loss from heavily fertilized soils: The Florida
experience
byV.D.NairandD.A.Graetz 269
Carbonsequestration:Anunderexploitedenvironmentalbenefitofagroforestrysystems
byF.MontagniniandP.K.R.Nair 281
Economics,Marketing,andAdoption
Agroforestrydevelopment:Anenvironmentaleconomicperspective
byJ.R.R.Alavalapati,R.K.Shrestha,G.A.StainbackandJ.R.Matta 299
Adoptionofagroforestryinnovationsinthetropics:Areview
byD.E.Mercer 311
Scalinguptheimpactofagroforestry:LessonsfromthreesitesinAfricaandAsia
byS.Franzel,G.L.Denning,J.P.B.LillesøandA.R.Mercado,Jr. 329
Treesofprosperity:Agroforestry,marketsandtheAfricansmallholder
byD.RussellandS.Franzel 345
Building opportunities for small-farm agroforestry to supply domestic wood markets in developing
countries
byS.J.Scherr 357
MarketsandmarketingstrategiesforagroforestryspecialtyproductsinNorthAmerica
byM.A.Gold,L.D.GodseyandS.J.Josiah 371
Peasants, agroforesters, and anthropologists: A 20-year venture in income-generating trees and
hedgerowsinHaiti
byG.F.MurrayandM.E.Bannister 383
KnowledgeIntegration
Computer-basedtoolsfordecisionsupportinagroforestry:Currentstateandfutureneeds
byE.A.Ellis,G.BentrupandM.M.Schoeneberger 401
AnthropogenicgrasslandsinSoutheastAsia:Sociologyofknowledgeandimplicationsforagroforestry
byM.R.Dove 423
AgroforestryresearchfordevelopmentinIndia:25yearsofexperiencesofanationalprogram
byS.PuriandP.K.R.Nair 437
Public/privatepartnershipsinagroforestry:theexampleofworkingtogethertoimprovecocoasustain-
ability
byH-YShapiroandE.M.Rosenquist 453
ListofReviewers 463
Subjectindex 465
AgroforestrySystems 61: 1,2004.
PREFACE
Itwasinlate2002thattheideaofpreparingacollectionofmulti-authoredchaptersondifferentaspectsofagro-
forestry as a compendium for the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry, June 2004, was tossed around. With the
approval of the idea by the Congress Organizing Committee, serious efforts to make it a reality got under way
inearly2003.Therigorouslypeer-reviewedandeditedmanuscriptsweresubmittedtothepublisherinDecember
2003.Consideringthemanydifferentindividualsinvolvedinthetaskasauthorsandmanuscriptreviewers,wefeel
quitepleasedthatthetaskcouldbeaccomplishedwithinthistimeframe.
We are pleased also about the contents on several counts. First of all, the tropical-temperate mix of topics
is a rare feature of a publication of this nature. In spite of the scientific commonalities between tropical and
temperate practices of agroforestry, the differencesbetween them are so enormousthat it is often impossible to
meshthemtogetherinonepublication.Secondly,severalofthechaptersareontopicsthathavenotbeendiscussed
ordescribedmuchinagroforestryliterature.Athirdfeatureisthatsomeoftheauthors,thoughwellknownintheir
owndisciplinaryareas,aresomewhatnewtoagroforestry;theperceptionsandoutlooksofthesescholarswhoare
relatively uninfluencedby the past happeningsin agroforestrygives a whole new dimensionto agroforestryand
broadensthescopeofthesubject.Finally,ratherthanjustreviewingandsummarizingpastwork,mostchapterstake
the extraeffortinattemptingtooutlinethenextsteps. Agroforestrystandstogainenormouslyfromtheinfusion
ofthesenewanddifferentideasandboldinitiatives.Thus,wefeelquitejustifiedwiththetitleofthevolume:New
Vistas.
The subject matter of various topics was primarily the choice of the editors, but the scope and contents of
individualchaptersweremostlyoftherespectiveauthors.Werecognizethatthereareseveralothertopicsthatcan
beconsideredappropriateforsuchavolume;butspace-andtimeconstraintsdidnotpermittheluxuryofinclud-
ing them. Moreover, widely described and well-published topicswithin agroforestrywere keptout deliberately;
preferencewasforrelativelynewsubjectswithinthecontextofagroforestry.
Almost all who were identified and approachedas potential chapter authors accepted our invitation enthusi-
astically. Even more importantly, they worked within the strict and tight time schedules to not only prepare the
manuscripts, but also to respondto demandsfor repeated revisionsand variousotherchoresassociated with the
process.Equallygratifyingwastheprompt,thorough,andprofessionalreviewsprovidedbymanuscriptreviewers
(seethelistofreviewersattheendofthevolume).
We sincerely thank all the authorsand reviewers, who contributedenormouslyand cooperatedso splendidly
understrictanddifficulttimeschedules.SpecialthanksgotoMr.LarrySchnellforcopyeditingthemanuscripts.
P.K.R.Nair,Gainesville,Florida,USA
M.R.Rao,Secunderabad,India
L.E.Buck,Ithaca,NewYork,USA
February2004
Introduction
AgroforestrySystems 61: 5–17,2004. 5
©2004KluwerAcademicPublishers.
Agroforestry and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals
D.P. Garrity
WorldAgroforestryCentre,UnitedNationsAvenue,P.O.Box30677–00100,Nairobi,Kenya;
e-mail:[email protected]
Keywords:Commercialization,Domestication,Developmentgoals,Markets,Nutrientreplenishment,Policy,Tree
products
Abstract
TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)oftheUnitedNations(UN)areattheheartoftheglobaldevelopment
agenda. This chapter examinesthe role of agroforestryresearch and development(R&D) in light of the MDGs.
It reviews some of the ways in which agroforestry is substantively assisting to achieve the goals and discusses
howtheagendacanberealignedtofurtherincreaseitseffectivenessinhelpingdevelopingcountriestomeettheir
MDGtargets.Promisingagroforestrypathwaystoincreaseon-farmfoodproductionandincomecontributetothe
firstMDG,whichaimstocutthenumberofhungryanddesperatelypoorbyatleasthalfby2015.Suchpathways
includefertilizertreesystemsforsmallholderswith limitedaccessto adequatecropnutrients, andexpandedtree
cropping and improved tree product processing and marketing. These advances can also help address lack of
enterpriseopportunitiesonsmall-scalefarms,inequitablereturnstosmall-scalefarmers(especiallywomen),child
malnutrition,andnationaltree-productdeficits(especiallytimber).Therateofreturntoinvestmentinresearchon
tree cropsis quite high(88%); butenterprisedevelopmentandenhancementof tree-productmarketinghasbeen
badlyneglected.Theproducts,processing,andmarketingoftreeproductsandservices,throughtreedomestication
andthecommercializationoftheirproductsisanewfrontierforagroforestryR&D.Amajorroleforagroforestry
alsoisemerginginthedomainofenvironmentalservices.Thisentailsthedevelopmentofmechanismstorewardthe
ruralpoorfortheenvironmentalservicessuchaswatershedprotectionandcarbonsequestrationthattheyprovide
to society. AgroforestryR&D is contributingto virtuallyall of the MDGs. Butrecognitionfor thatrole mustbe
won by ensuring that more developingcountrieshave nationalagroforestrystrategies, and that agroforestryis a
recognizedpartoftheirprogramstoachievetheMDGs.
Introduction and action, signaling the evolution of a global deal
in which sustained political and economic reform by
AttheUnitedNationsMillenniumSummitinSeptem- developingcountrieswillbe matchedbygreatersup-
ber 2000 in New York, world leaders agreed to a port from the developed world in the form of aid,
set of time-bound and measurable goals for com- trade,debtrelief,andinvestment.TheMDGsprovide
bating hunger, poverty, disease, illiteracy, environ- a framework for all nations, and the entire develop-
mental degradation, and discrimination against wo- mentcommunity,toworkcoherentlytogethertoward
men.TheseMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs) thiscommonend.
(see Table 1) are now at the heart of the global In preparation for the August 2002 World Sum-
development agenda. The Summit’s Millennium De- mit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johan-
claration also outlined a plan for how to proceed to nesburg, South Africa, UN Secretary-General Kofi
achieve the goals (www.un.org/millennium). Leaders Annan proposed the WEHAB initiative to provide
from both developed and developing countries have focus and impetus to action in the five key them-
started to match these commitments with resources atic areas of Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture
6
Table1. TheUnitedNationsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and Targetfor2015: Halvetheproportionofpeoplelivingonlessthanadollaradayand
hunger thosewhosufferfromhunger.
Goal2.Achieveuniversalprimaryeduca- Targetfor2015:Ensurethatallboysandgirlscompleteprimaryschool.
tion
Goal3.Promotegenderequalityandem- Targets for 2005 and 2015: Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary
powerwomen educationpreferablyby2005,andatalllevelsby2015.
Goal4.Reducechildmortality Targetfor2015:Reducebytwothirdsthemortalityrateamongchildrenunderfive
Goal5.Improvematernalhealth Targetfor2015:Reducebythree-quarterstheratioofwomendyinginchildbirth.
Goal6.CombatHIV/AIDS,malariaand Targetfor2015:HaltandbegintoreversethespreadofHIV/AIDSandtheincidenceof
otherdiseases malariaandothermajordiseases.
Goal7.Ensureenvironmentalsustainab- Targets: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
ility programmesandreversethelossofenvironmentalresources;By2015,reducebyhalfthe
proportionofpeoplewithoutaccesstosafedrinkingwater;By2020achievesignificant
improvementinthelivesofatleast100millionslumdwellers.
Goal8.Developaglobalpartnershipfor Targets:Developfurtheranopentradingandfinancialsystemthatincludesacommitment
development togoodgovernance,developmentandpovertyreduction–nationallyandinternationally;
Addresstheleastdevelopedcountries’specialneeds,andthespecialneedsoflandlocked
and small island developing States; Deal comprehensively with developing countries’
debt problems; Develop decent and productive work for youth; In cooperation with
pharmaceutical companies, provide access toaffordable essential drugs indeveloping
countries; In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new
technologies–especiallyinformationandcommunicationstechnologies.
Source:HumanDevelopmentReportbyUNDP2003
and Biodiversity. The initiative provides a coherent 3.Advance the health and nutrition of the rural poor
international framework for the implementation of throughagroforestrysystems;
sustainabledevelopmentsurroundingthesecrucialis- 4.Conserve biodiversity through integrated conser-
sues(www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/ vation-developmentsolutionsbasedonagroforestry
wehab_papers.html). technologies, innovative institutions, and better
Advances in agroforestry can contribute signific- policies;
antlytotheachievementofvirtuallyalloftheMDGs 5.Protect watershed services through agroforestry-
and the WEHAB initiative. Agroforestry focuses on basedsolutionsthatenablethepoortoberewarded
the role of trees on farms and in agricultural land- fortheirprovisionoftheseservices;
scapes to meet the triple bottom line of economic, 6.Assist the rural poor to better adapt to climate
social and ecological needs in today’s world. Re- change, andto benefitfromemergingcarbonmar-
cognition of this role in overcoming key problems kets,throughtreecultivation;and
from local to global levels is growing. The World 7.Build human and institutional capacity in agro-
Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) has identified seven forestryresearchanddevelopment.
key challenges related to the MDGs and WEHAB This chapter examines these key components of
that agroforestry science and practice can materially theagendaforagroforestryresearchanddevelopment
address. in the context of the MDGs. It reviews some of the
1.Helperadicatehungerthroughbasic,pro-poorfood ways in which agroforestryis demonstrablyassisting
production systems in disadvantaged areas based to achieve the goals, and discusses how the agenda
on agroforestry methods of soil fertility and land shouldberealignedtofurtherincreaseeffectivenessin
regeneration; helping developingcountriesto meet their MDG tar-
2.Lift more ruralpoor from poverty throughmarket- gets.Webeginbyfocusingontheachievementofthe
driven, locally led tree cultivation systems that firstgoal, eradicationofextremepovertyandhunger,
generateincomeandbuildassets; wheretheroleofagroforestryishighlyevident.