New Threats and New Actors in International Security

232 Pages·2005·1.4 MB·English

by  Elke Krahmann (eds.)

New Threats and New Actors in International Security
New Threats and New Actors
in International Security
Edited by
Elke Krahmann
NEWTHREATSANDNEWACTORSININTERNATIONALSECURITY
© Elke Krahmann,2005.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-6697-1
All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2005 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-52984-1 ISBN 978-1-4039-8166-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781403981660
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
New threats and new actors in international security / Elke Krahmann (ed.).
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.International relations.2.Security,International.3.Terrorism.4.Arms
control.I.Krahmann,Elke.
JZ5595.5.N48 2005
355(cid:2).033—dc22 2004054713
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India.
First edition:January 2005
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface vii
Contributors viii
Abstracts x
Part I Introduction
1. From State to Non-State Actors:The Emergence of
Security Governance 3
Elke Krahmann
Part II Civil War
2. The New Conflict Managers:Peacebuilding NGOs and
State Agendas 23
Loramy Conradi Gerstbauer
3. Humanitarians and Mercenaries:Partners in Security Governance? 45
Christopher Spearin
Part III Terrorism and Transnational Crime
4. Drug Traffickers,Terrorist Networks,and Ill-Fated
Government Strategies 69
Michael Kenney
5. Targeting Money Laundering:Global Approach or
Diffusion ofAuthority? 91
Eleni Tsingou
Part IV HIV/AIDS
6. HIV/AIDS:The International Security Dimensions 111
Stefan Elbe
7. NGOs as Security Actors in the Fight against HIV/AIDS? 131
Carrie Sheehan
vi CONTENTS
Part V Small Arms and Light Weapons
8. The Proliferation ofSmall Arms and Light Weapons 155
Mike Bourne
9. NGOs and the Shaping ofthe European Controls on Small
Arms Exports 177
Holger Anders
Part VI Conclusion
10. New Threats and New Actors in Security Governance:
Developments,Problems,and Solutions 199
Elke Krahmann
Selected Bibliography 213
Index 223
Preface
New threats and new actors are changing the nature ofsecurity in the twenty-
first millennium. This book attempts to examine the relationship between
these two phenomena by bringing together experts from both fields.As such this
volume is a collective effort.It has benefited from the contributions of a broad
range of scholars from the United States and the United Kingdom covering
research on civil war,terrorism,transnational crime,HIV/AIDS,and small arms
proliferation as well as the progressive involvement ofNGOs and private firms in
the making and implementation ofsecurity policies.
The idea for this volume first originated with a panel proposal put together by
Dr.Stefan Elbe and me.Our aim was to encourage an exchange between academ-
ics that worked on different aspects of a transformation from state to non-state
threats and actors in global security.To our mind,it was clear that the spread of
transnational threats such as terrorism,transnational crime,and HIV/AIDS was
directly related to the growing role of private actors in the provision of security.
However, little research appeared to have been conducted on this relationship.
Fortunately, our idea was supported by the International Studies Association
(ISA) that generously funded a workshop on this theme during the ISA Annual
Convention in Portland.From there it was a short step toward this book that pres-
ents the findings of our workshop and a number of other contributions to close
the gaps in our research.
I would like to thank all the contributors who joined our discussion and made
this volume possible.In addition,I would like to acknowledge the publication of
an earlier version of Michael Kenney’s chapter under the title “From Pablo to
Osama:Counter-terrorism Lessons from the War on Drugs”in Survival45,no.3
(2003). Further thanks go to two anonymous reviewers who provided valuable
comments and helped transform our separate contributions into a coherent vol-
ume. Finally, I am grateful to the German Academic Exchange Service and the
United States Institute of Peace, as well as the Department of Politics at the
University of Bristol and the Center for European Studies at Harvard University
for financial and organizational support for my editing ofthis book.
Elke Krahmann
Contributors
Holger Anders is European Information Officer for the International Action
Network on Small Arms as well as a Ph.D.candidate at the University ofBradford,
U.K. His research interests include the small arms trade, proliferation, and
transnational crime, and he has published various articles in the European
Security Reviewand the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) Newsbrief.
Mike Bourne is Researcher at the Centre for International Cooperation and
Security (CICS) at the University ofBradford,U.K.He researches on arms trans-
fers,illicit trafficking,and conflict,with a particular focus on small arms prolifer-
ation and control,and has contributed among others to Abdel-Fatau Musah and
Niobe Thompson,Niobe,eds.,Over a Barrel: Light Weapons & Human Rights in
the Commonwealth(London:Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative,1999) and
Implementing the Programme ofAction on Small Arms(London:IANSA,2003).
Stefan Elbe is Senior Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of
International Relations and Politics at the University ofSussex.He is an expert on
the security implications ofHIV/AIDS and is the author ofStrategic Implications
of HIV/AIDS (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) and “HIV/AIDS and the
Changing Landscape ofWar in Africa,”International Security27,no.2 (2002).
Loramy Conradi Gerstbauer is Assistant Professor of Political Science and
Director of Peace Studies at Gustavus Adolphus College in St.Peter,Minnesota.
Her research focuses on peace work of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
transitional justice issues, and postwar reconciliation. She has published previ-
ously in Peace Reviewand the Brandywine Review ofFaith and International Affairs
and is currently completing a manuscript about the contribution of faith-based
NGOs to peacebuilding.
Michael Kenney is Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the School of Public
Affairs at Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg and currently fellow at the
Center for International Security at Stanford University. Among others, he has
published articles in SurvivalandTransnational Organized Crimeand is currently
completing a book on the Colombian drug trade and U.S.and Colombian drug
enforcement policies.
Elke Krahmannis Lecturer in International Relations at the University ofBristol,
U.K.She has published on governance and transnational relations in foreign and
security policy including Multilevel Networks in European Foreign Policy (2003)
and articles in Cooperation and Conflict,International Affairs,Global Governance,
CONTRIBUTORS ix
and Review of International Studies.Currently she is working on a USIP-funded
project on the privatization ofsecurity.
Carrie Sheehan is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of International Service at
American University in Washington,DC.Her research focuses on nontraditional
security issues and U.S.foreign policy.She is presently completing her disserta-
tion,“Securitizing the Pandemic:Framing International HIV/AIDS Policy.”
Christopher Spearin is Assistant Professor of National Security Studies and
Deputy Director of Research at the Canadian Forces College, Toronto, Canada.
His research concerns non-state actors and conflict,the privatization of security,
change in state security sectors,and human security.His work has been published
in a variety of forums, including International Politics, Contemporary Security
Policy, International Peacekeeping, Civil Wars, Journal of Conflict Studies, and
Canadian Foreign Policy.
Eleni Tsingou is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Center for the Study of
Globalization and Regionalization of the University of Warwick. Her main
research interests include the role of non-state actors in global financial gover-
nance, the politics of banking regulation and policy approaches in the fight
against money laundering.
Abstracts
From State to Non-State Actors:The Emergence ofSecurity Governance
Elke Krahmann
Non-state threats and actors have become key factors in contemporary security.
However,little research has been conducted on the relationship between the two.
This chapter seeks to provide an overview and theoretical framework for the
analysis of the growing role of non-state actors—both as the cause of new secu-
rity threats and as security providers. Specifically, it argues that both develop-
ments can be conceptualized as part ofa shift from “government”to “governance”
in security.The result appears to be the emergence ofa system ofsecurity gover-
nance in which new transnational threats are addressed by overlapping networks
ofstate and non-state security actors at the national,regional,and global levels.
The New Conflict Managers:Peacebuilding NGOs and State Agendas
Loramy Conradi Gerstbauer
In the past decade,NGOs have been hailed as the new conflict managers for their
emerging role in peacebuilding in violent conflicts.Many reliefand development
organizations have come to realize the impact of their presence and their provi-
sion ofaid in conflicts,and they have decided to be purposeful about that impact
by adding peacebuilding to their mandates. For the most part, the NGO and
peacebuilding literature has praised the advent of NGOs in peacebuilding.This
chapter provides a more critical analysis of NGO peacebuilding;just as develop-
ment NGOs are interdependent with the government agencies that fund them,the
new NGO mandate ofpeacebuilding is heavily influenced by state interests in post-
conflict settings. The dilemmas this raises for NGO peacebuilding work are
discussed.
Humanitarians and Mercenaries:Partners in Security Governance?
Christopher Spearin
In light ofthe threats humanitarian NGOs face in the post–Cold War,weak state
environment, many NGOs have turned to International Private Security
Companies (PSCs),a form of modern-day mercenarism,in order to satisfy their
security requirements.On the one hand,this development reflects the increasing
role played by non-state actors in international affairs. On the other hand, the
chapter contends that these actors cannot escape the dominance of state-centric
activity. Additional operational and managerial constraints also exist that will
impact upon the efficacy of the NGO–PSC relationship. Moreover, attempts to