New technologies and EU law

281 Pages·2017·2.389 MB·English

by  Marise Cremona

i
The Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law
Series Editors: Professor Loïc Azoulai
Professor Nehal Bhuta
Professor Marise Cremona
European University Institute, Florence
Assistant Editor: Anny Bremner
European University Institute, Florence
VOLUME XXIV/ 2
New Technologies and EU Law
ii
The Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law
Edited by Professor Loïc Azoulai, Professor Nehal Bhuta,
and Professor Marise Cremona
Assistant Editor: Anny Bremner
Each year the Academy of European Law in Florence, Italy, invites a group
of outstanding lecturers to teach at its summer courses on Human Rights
law and European Union law. A ‘general course’ is given in each of the two
fields by a distinguished scholar or practitioner, who examines the field as a
whole through a particular thematic, conceptual, or philosophical lens, or
looks at a theme in the context of the overall body of law. In addition, a series
of ‘specialized courses’ brings together a group of highly qualified scholars
to explore and analyse a specific theme in relation to Human Rights law and
EU law. The Academy’s mission, to produce scholarly analyses which are at
the cutting edge of the two fields, is achieved through publication of this
series, the Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law.
iii
New Technologies
and EU Law
Edited by
MARISE CREMONA
1
iv
1
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v
Contents
Table of Cases vii
Table of Legislation xiii
List of Abbreviations xxv
Notes on Contributors xxix
1. Introduction 1
Marise Cremona
I. THE EU, SCIENTIFIC RISK,
AND REGULATORY DESIGN
2. Medical Technologies and EU Law: The Evolution of Regulatory
Approaches and Governance 9
Mariachiara Tallacchini
3. EU Law and Bioethics 38
Stéphanie Hennette Vauchez
4. Regulating New Technologies: EU Internal Market Law, Risk,
and Socio- Technical Order 74
Mark L. Flear
II. EU LAW AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES—
CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE
5. EU Data Protection Law: The Review of Directive 95/ 46/ EC and
the General Data Protection Regulation 123
Peter Hustinx
6. Liabilities of Internet Users and Providers 174
Giovanni Sartor
7. Brave New Borders: The EU’s Use of New Technologies for
the Management of Migration and Asylum 197
Jorrit J. Rijpma
Index 243
vi
vii
Table of Cases
n = footnote.
EU CASES
CJEU Cases (in number order)
26/ 62, Van Gend & Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, [1963]
ECR 1 (ECLI:EU:C:1963:1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77n
7/ 68, Commission v. Italy (Art Treasures case), [1968] ECR 423 (ECLI:EU:C:1968:51) . . . . . .80n
11/ 70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide
und Futtermittel, [1970] ECR 1125 (ECLI:EU:C:1970:114) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77n
39/ 72, Commission v. Italy, [1973] ECR 101 (ECLI:EU:C:1973:13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106n
2/ 73, Geddo v. Ente Nazionale Rizi, [1973] ECR 865 (ECLI:EU:C:1973:89) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
8/ 74, Procureur de Roi v. Dassonville, [1974] ECR 837 (ECLI:EU:C:1974:82) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
71/ 74, Van Duyn v. Home Office, [1974] ECR 1337 (ECLI:EU:C:1974:133) . . . . . . . . . . . . .106n
36/ 75, Rutili v. Ministre de l’intérieur, [1975] ECR 1219 (ECLI:EU:C:1975:137) . . . . . . . . . .212n
118/ 75, Watson and Belmann, [1976] ECR 1185 (ECLI:EU:C:1976:106) . . . . . . . . . . . . .220–2 21
106/ 77, Italian Minister of Finance v. Simmenthal SpA, [1978] ECR 629
(ECLI:EU:C:1978:49) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77n
7/ 78, R v. Thompson and others, [1978] ECR 2247 (ECLI:EU:C:1978:209) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
120/ 78, Rewe- Zentrale AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein
(Cassis de Dijon), [1979] ECR 649 (ECLI:EU:C:1979:42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84– 85, 88
148/ 78, Pubblico Ministero v. Tullio Ratti, [1979] ECR 1629 (ECLI:EU:C:1979:110) . . . . . .106n
34/ 79, R v. Henn and Darby, [1979] ECR 3795 (ECLI:EU:C:1979:295) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86, 90n
272/ 80, Frans- Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Biologische Producten, [1981]
ECR 3277 (ECLI:EU:C:1981:312) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90, 91
40/ 82, Commission v. United Kingdom (Turkeys), [1984] ECR 0283
(ECLI:EU:C:1984:33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90n
174/ 82, Sandoz, [1983] ECR 2445 (ECLI:EU:C:1983:213) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90– 91
C- 286/ 82 and 26/ 83, Luisi and Carbone v. Ministero del Tesoro, [1984] ECR 377
(ECLI:EU:C:1984:35) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
177/ 83, Theodor Kohl KG v. Ringelhan & Rennett SA and Ringelhan Einrichtungs
GmbH [1984] ECR 3651 (ECLI:EU:C:1984:334) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
178/ 84, Commission v. Germany (Beer Purity), [1987]
ECR 1227 (ECLI:EU:C:1987:126) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88– 89n
121/ 85, Conegate v. HM Customs and Excise, [1986] ECR 1007 (ECLI:EU:C:1986:114) . . . . .86
C- 300/ 89, Commission v. Council (Titanium Dioxide), [1991] ECR I- 2867
(ECLI:EU:C:1991:244) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93n
C- 367/ 89, Richardt and others, [1991] ECR I- 4621 (ECLI:EU:C:1991:376) . . . . . . . . . . . . 86–8 7
C- 59/ 90, Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v.
Stephen Grogan and Others, [1991] ECR I- 04685 (ECLI:EU:C:1991:378) . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
C- 155/ 91, Commission v. Council (Waste Directive), [1993] ECR I- 939
(ECLI:EU:C:1993:98) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93n
C- 267/ 91 and 268/ 91, Keck and Mithouard, [1993] ECR I- 6097 (ECLI:EU:C:1993:905) . . . . .84
C- 275/ 92, Customs Excise v. Schindler, [1994] ECR I- 1039 (ECLI:EU:C:1994:119) . . . . .80n, 87n
C- 292/ 92, Hünermundand others v. Landesapothekerkammer
Baden- Württemberg, [1993] ECR I- 6787 (ECLI:EU:C:1993:932) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n
C- 315/ 92, Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb e.V. v. Clinique Laboratoires SNC and Estée
Lauder Cosmetics GmbH, [1994] ECR I- 317 (ECLI:EU:C:1994:34) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88– 89n
C- 401/ 92 and C- 402/ 92, Tankstation, [1994] ECR I- 2199 (ECLI:EU:C:1994:220) . . . . . . . . .84n
viii
viii Table of Cases
C- 69/ 93 and 258/ 93, Punto Casa SpA v. Sindaco del Comune di Capena et Comune di
Capena i Promozioni, [1994] ECR I- 2355 (ECLI:EU:C:1994:226) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n
C- 412/ 93, Société d’Importation Edouard Leclerc- Siplec v. TF1 Publicité SA and M6
Publicité SA, [1995] ECR I- 179 (ECLI:EU:C:1995:26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n
C- 470/ 93, Verein gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Köln e.V. v. Mars GmbH,
[1995] ECR I- 1923 (ECLI:EU:C:1995:224) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88– 89n
C- 418/ 93 to 421/ 93, 460/ 93 to 462/ 93, 464/ 93, 9/ 94 to 11/ 94 and 14/ 94 to 15/
94, Semeraro Casa Uno v. Sindaco del Comune di Erbusco, [1996] ECR I- 2975
(ECLI:EU:C:1996:242) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n
C- 70/ 94, Fritz Werner Industrie- Ausrüstungen GmbH v. Federal Republic of Germany,
[1995] ECR I- 3189 (ECLI:EU:C:1995:328) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
C- 34/ 95 to 36/ 95, Konsumentombudsmannen (KO) v. De Agostini (Svenska) Förlag AB,
[1997] ECR I- 3843 (ECLI:EU:C:1997:344) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n
C- 378/ 96, Rijksdienst voor Pensioenen v. René van Looveren (Aher- Waggon), [1998] ECR
I-4 473 (ECLI:EU:C:1998:357) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89n
C- 269/ 97, Commission and Parliament v. Council (Beef Labelling), [2000] ECR I- 2257
(ECLI:EU:C:2000:183) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93n
C- 97/ 98, Jägerskiöld v. Gustafsson, [1999] ECR I- 7319 (ECLI:EU:C:1999:515) . . . . . . . . . . . .80n
C- 209/ 98, Entreprenørforeningens Affalds/ Miljøsektion (FFAD) v. Københavns
Kommune, [2000] ECR I- 3743 (ECLI:EU:C:2000:279) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89n
C- 254/ 98, Schutzverband gegen unlauteren Wettbewerb v. TK-H eimdienst Sass GmbH,
[2000] ECR I- 151 (ECLI:EU:C:2000:12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n
C- 376/ 98, Germany v. European Parliament and Council (Tobacco Advertising I), [2000]
ECR I- 8419 (ECLI:EU:C:2000:544) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93– 94
C- 377/ 98, Netherlands v. Parliament and Council (Biotechnology), [2001]
ECR I- 7079 (ECLI:EU:C:2001:523) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4– 5, 66, 99– 100
C- 379/ 98, PreussenElektra AG v. Schleswag AG, [2001] ECR I- 2099
(ECLI:EU:C:2001:160) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89n
C- 405/ 98, Konsumentombudsmannen (KO) v. Gourmet International Products
AB (GIP), [2001] ECR I- 1795 (ECLI:EU:C:2001:135) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n
C- 112/ 00, Schmidberger v. Austria, [2003] ECR I- 05659 (ECLI:EU:C:2003:333) . . . . . . . . . . .71
C- 465/ 00, 138/ 01, and 139/ 01, Rechnungshof v. Österreichischer Rundfunk and others,
[2003] ECR I- 04989 (ECLI:EU:C:2003:294) . . . . . . 134– 135, 144, 152, 218– 219, 221– 222
C- 101/ 01, Bodil Lindqvist, [2003] ECR I- 12971 (ECLI:EU:C:2003:596) . . . . . . . . .134– 135, 136
C- 192/ 01, Commission v. Denmark, [2003] ECR I- 9693 (ECLI:EU:C:2003:492) . . . . . . . . . . .91
C- 322/ 01, Deutscher Apothekerverband e.V. v. 0800 DocMorris NV and Jacques
Waterval, [2003] ECR I- 14887 (ECLI:EU:C:2003:664) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n, 88, 89, 95
C- 491/ 01, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd and Imperial Tobacco Ltd, [2002]
ECR I- 11453 (ECLI:EU:C:2002:741) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
C- 36/ 02, Omega Spielhallen- und Automatenaufstellungs- GmbH v. Oberbürgermeisterin
der Bundesstadt Bonn, [2004] ECR I- 09609 (ECLI:EU:C:2004:614) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
C- 434/ 02, Arnold André GmbH & Co. KG v. Landrat des Kreises Herford, [2004] ECR
I-1 1825 (ECLI:EU:C:2004:800) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93n
C- 20/ 03, Burmanjer and others, [2005] ECR I- 4133 (ECLI:EU:C:2005:307) . . . . . . . . . . . . .85n
C- 210/ 03, R (on the application of Swedish Match AB and Swedish Match UK Ltd) v.
Secretary of State for Health, [2004] ECR I- 11893 (ECLI:EU:C:2004:802) . . . . . . . . . . .93n
C- 380/ 03, Germany v. European Parliament and Council (Tobacco Advertising II), [2006]
ECR I- 11573 (ECLI:EU:C:2006:772) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43– 44, 93– 94
C- 317/ 04 and 318/ 04, European Parliament v. Council and Commission, [2006] ECR
I-9 171 (ECLI:EU:C:2006:609) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88, 210
C- 366/ 04, Schwarz v. Bürgermeister der Landeshauptstadt Salzburg, [2005] I- 10139
(ECLI:EU:C:2005:719) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95– 96
C- 434/ 04, Ahokainen and Leppik, [2006] ECR I- 9171 (ECLI:EU:C:2006:609) . . . . . . . . . . . .88
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Table of Cases ix
C- 441/ 04, A- Punkt Schmuckhandels GmbH v. Claudia Schmidt, [2006] ECR I- 2093
(ECLI:EU:C:2006:141) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84n
C- 77/ 05, United Kingdom v. Council, [2007] ECR I- 1145 (ECLI:EU:C:2007:803) . . . . . . . . .200
C- 110/ 05, Commission v. Italy (Trailers), [2009] ECR I- 519 (ECLI:EU:C:2009:66) . . . . . . . . .85n
C- 137/ 05, United Kingdom v. Council, [2007] ECR I- 11593 (ECLI:EU:C:2007:805) . . . . . . .200
C- 142/ 05, Åklagaren v. Mickelsson and Roos, [2009] ECR I- 4273
(ECLI:EU:C:2009:336) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85n, 89n
C- 150/ 05, Van Straaten v. Staat der Nederlanden and Republiek Italië, [2006]
ECR I- 9327 (ECLI:EU:C:2006:614) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217n
C- 301/ 06, Ireland v. European Parliament and Council, [2009] ECR I- 593
(ECLI:EU:C:2009:68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223n
C- 524/ 06, Huber v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, [2008] ECR I- 9705
(ECLI:EU:C:2008:724) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152n, 220–2 21
C- 73/ 07, Tietosuojavaltuutettu v. Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and
Satamedia Oy, [2008] ECR I- 09831 (ECLI:EU:C:2008:727) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
C- 88/ 07, Commission v. Spain (Medicinal Herbs), [2009] ECR I- 1353
(ECLI:EU:C:2008:567) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
C- 518/ 07, Commission v. Germany, [2010] ECR I- 01885
(ECLI:EU:C:2010:125) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134, 137n, 142
C- 553/ 07, College van burgemeester en wethouders van Rotterdam v.
M. E. E. Rijkeboer, [2009] ECR I- 03889 (ECLI:EU:C:2009:293). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
C- 482/ 08, United Kingdom v. Council, [2010] ECR I- 10413
(ECLI:EU:C:2010:631) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200, 216n
C- 92/ 09 and 93/ 09, Volker und Markus Schecke GbR and Hartmut Eifert, [2010]
ECR I- 11063 (ECLI:EU:C:2010:662) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143–1 45, 220
C- 108/ 09, Ker- Optika bt v. ÀNTSZ Dél- dunántúli Regionális Intézete, [2010]
ECR I- 12213 (ECLI:EU:C:2010:725) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84– 85n
C- 439/ 09, Pierre Fabre Dermo- Cosmétique SAS v. Président de l´Autorité de la
Concurrence, [2011] ECR I- 9419 (ECLI:EU:C:2011:649) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84– 85n
C- 543/ 09, Deutsche Telekom AG v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, [2011] ECR I- 3441
(ECLI:EU:C:2011:279) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
C- 34/ 10, Brüstle v. Greenpeace e.V., [2011] ECR I- 09821 (ECLI:EU:C:2011:669) . . . . . . 4– 5, 41,
62– 68, 100, 100– 101n
C- 188/ 10 and 189/ 10, Melki and Abdeli, [2010] ECR I- 05667 (ECLI:EU:C:2010:363) . . . . . .206
C- 355/ 10, European Parliament v. Council, 5 September 2012, not yet published
(ECLI:EU:C:2012:516) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 206n
C- 468/ 10 and 469/ 10, Asociación Nacional de Establecimientos Financieros de Crédito
(ASNEF) and Federación de Comercio Electrónico y Marketing Directo (FECEMD)
v. Administración del Estado, [2011] ECR I- 12181 (ECLI:EU:C:2011:777) . . . . . . . . . . . .4– 5
C- 614/ 10, Commission v. Austria, 16 October 2012, not yet published
(ECLI:EU:C:2012:631) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134, 142– 143, 146n, 167n
C- 617/ 10, Åkerberg Fransson, 26 February 2013, not yet published
(ECLI:EU:C:2013:280) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
C- 399/ 11, Melloni v. Ministerio Fiscal, 26 February 2013, not yet published
(ECLI:EU:C:2013:107) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
C- 131/ 12, Google Spain SL and Google Inc v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos and
González, judgment of 13 May 2014, not yet published (ECLI:EU:C:2014:317) . . . . . . . . 5, 133,
134n, 136, 153, 155n, 159n, 163n, 193– 195
C- 288/ 12, Commission v. Hungary, 8 April 2014, not yet published
(ECLI:EU:C:2014:237) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134, 142– 143, 146n, 167n
C- 291/ 12, Michael Schwarz v. Stadt Bochum, 17 October 2013, not yet published
(ECLI:EU:C:2013:670) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143, 220–2 22