New Techniques in Nutritional Research

458 Pages·1991·42.854 MB·English

by  Roger G. Whitehead, Ann Prentice

New Techniques in
Nutritional Research
Bristol-Myers
Squibb/ Series Editor
G E O R GE B A K ER
Mead Johnson
Nutrition
Symposia
1 R. W. Winters and H. L. Greene (Editors):
Nutritional Support of the Seriously III Patient, 1983
2 C. E. Butterworth and Martha L. Hutchinson (Editors):
Nutritional Factors in the Induction and Maintenance of
Malignancy, 1983
3 Morris Green and H. L. Greene (Editors):
The Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Nutrient Delivery,
1984
4 Samuel J. Fomon and William C. Heird (Editors):
Energy and Protein Needs during Infancy, 1986
5 Martha L. Hutchinson and Hamish N. Munro (Editors):
Nutrition and Aging, 1986
6 B. S. Lindblad (Editor): Perinatal Nutrition, 1988
7 Charles H. Halsted and Robert B. Rucker (Editors):
Nutrition and the Origins of Disease
8 Carlos H. Lifschitz and Buford Nichols (Editors):
Malnutrition in Chronic Diet-Associated Infantile Diarrhea:
Diagnosis and Management
9 Roger G. Whitehead and Ann Prentice (Editors):
New Techniques in Nutritional Research
New Techniques in
Nutritional Research
Edited by
ROGER G. WHITEHEAD
ANN PRENTICE
Medical Research Council
Dunn Nutrition Unit
Cambridge, England
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
New techniques in nutritional research / edited by Roger G. Whitehead,
p. cm. - (Bristol-Myers Squibb nutrition symposia ; v. 9)
Papers presented at the Ninth-annual Bristol-Myers Squibb
Symposium on Nutrition Research held Sept. 11-13, 1989 at Robinson
College Cambridge, England.
Includes bibliographical references.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-12-747025-5 (alk. paper)
1. Nutrition-Research-Methodology-Congresses. 2. Metabolism-
-Research-Methodology-Congresses. 3. Stable isotope tracers-
-Congresses. I. Whitehead, Roger. II. Bristol-Myers Squibb
Symposium on Nutrition Research (9th : 1989 : Robinson College)
III. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Body Composition-congresses. 2. Energy Metabolism-
-congresses. 3. Isotope Labeling-congresses. 4. Nutrition-
-physiology—congresses. 5. Research—methods—congresses. QU 145
N532 1989]
QP143.4.N48 1991
612.3-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 90-540
CIP
Printed in the United States of America
90 91 92 93 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors XV
Preface XIX
Editor's Foreword XXI
Foreword xxui
Part I Nutritional Applications of Stable
Isotopes
1 Application of Stable Isotope Tracers in
Studies of Human Metabolism
M. J. RENNIE, P. CHIEN, D. J. TAYLOR, P. W.
WATT, AND W. M. BENNET
I. Introduction 3
II. The Utility of Stable Isotope Tracers: Pros and
Cons 4
III. Instrument Developments 6
IV. In What Circumstances Should We Use Stable
Isotopes as Tracers? 6
V. Recent Findings in the Measurement of Human
Tissue Protein Turnover 8
References 13
ν
vi Contents
2 Protein and Amino Acid Turnover Using
the Stable Isotopes 15N, 13C, and 2H as
Probes
VERNON R. YOUNG, YONG-MING YU, AND
MICHEL KREMPF
I. Introduction 17
II. Brief Survey of Methods for Measuring Whole-
Body Protein and Amino Acid Turnover 20
III. Examples of Selected Applications of 13C, 5N,
and 2H Probes in Amino Acid Turnover Studies 42
IV. Summary and Conclusions 59
References 61
3 Nutritional Applications of 13C: Strategic
Considerations
PETER D. KLEIN
I. Introduction 73
II. Analysis 74
III. Preparation of 13C-Labeled Nutrients 85
IV. Availability and Cost of 13C 91
V. Summary 93
References 93
4 The Use of Stable Isotopes in Vitamin
Research
HILARY J. POWERS
I. Introduction 95
II. Current Applications 97
III. Conclusions 109
References 109
Contents vii
5 Stable Isotopes in the Investigation of
Mineral Metabolism
JUDITH R. TURNLUND
I. Historical Background 113
II. Minerals of Interest for Humans 114
III. Objectives 115
IV. Methods of Studying Mineral Absorption 118
V. Limitations and Advantages of Stable Isotopes 119
VI. Experimental Considerations 122
VII. Human Experiments Using Isotopic Labels 124
VIII. Future of Stable Isotopes as Tracers of Mineral
Metabolism 127
References 128
6 Session Discussion
DAVID HALLIDAY
Text 131
Part II Modern Methods of Measuring
Energy Expenditure
ROGER G. WHITEHEAD
Text 137
7 The Doubly Labeled Water Method for
the Measurement of Energy Expenditure
in Humans: Risks and Benefits
W. A. COWARD AND T. J. COLE
I. The Adequacy of the Model 140
II. The Adequacy of Basic Data 154
Vlll Contents
III. Conclusions 174
References 175
8 Doubly Labeled Water Measurements
and Calorimetry in Practice
ANDREW M. PRENTICE,
ERIK O. DIAZ, PETER R. MURGATROYD,
GAIL R. GOLDBERG, BAKARI J. SONKO,
ALISON E. BLACK, AND WILLIAM A. COWARD
I. Introduction 177
II. Principles of Assessing Energy Expenditure 178
III. Distinctions between Doubly Labeled Water
and Calorimetry 182
IV. Application of Doubly Labeled Water and
Calorimetry in Tandem 183
v. Application of Whole-Body Calorimetry Alone 193
VI. Application of Doubly Labeled Water Alone 199
VII. Summary 204
References 204
9 Estimation of Short-Term Energy
Expenditure by the Labeled Bicarbonate
Method
M. ELIA
I. Incomplete Recovery of Labeled Carbon Dioxide 208
II. Variation in the Recovery of Labeled Carbon
Dioxide 213
III. Assessing the Extent of Isotopic Dilution 215
IV. The Possible Use of Urea-Specific Activity or
Enrichment 220
V. Site of Sampling 221
VI. Energy Expenditure and the Energy Equivalent
of Carbon Dioxide 224
References 226
Contents ix
10 Measurement of Energy Expenditure—
Outstanding Issues
W.P.T. JAMES
Text 229
References 232
Part III Modern Methods of Measuring
Body Composition
j. s. GARROW
I. What Question Are We Trying to Answer? 235
II. Quetelet's Index and Fatness 236
III. Validation of Estimates of Body Fat 237
IV. What New Methods for Measuring Body
Composition Are Needed? 237
References 239
11 Anthropometry: Classical and Modern
Approaches
ALEX F. ROCHE,
RICHARD N. BAUMGARTNER,
AND SHUMEI GUO
I. Introduction 241
II. Measurement of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
Thickness 243
III. Somatotype 247
IV. Knemometry 248
V. Weight-Stature Indices 248
VI. Whole-Body Impedance 250
VII. Segmental Impedance 253
VIII. Concluding Remarks 254
References 255