New Security Issues in Northern Europe: The Nordic and Baltic States and the ESDP (Routledge Uaces Contemporary European Studies)

253 Pages·2007·1.58 MB·English

by  Clive Archer

New Security Issues in Northern Europe
ThisbookexaminesandplacesinperspectivethepoliciesoftheNordicand
Baltic states concerning the European Security and Defence Policy.
New Security Issues in Northern Europe examines the contribution the
northernstatesofEurope–theBalticandtheNordicstates–canmakeand
have made to the European Union’s European Security and Defence Policy
(ESDP), and what the ESDP means for them. It provides a strategic back-
groundtothedefenceandsecuritypoliciesofthesecountriesandcoversthe
security policies of the seven states – Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden,
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – and their reactions and contributions to
the EU’s ESDP. The contributions by these states to ESDP operations are
viewed in a critical light, although their positive political interventions to
the policy are also noted.
In particular, the contributors bring together fresh material on the secur-
ity policies of the seven states, the way they are made, the effect on these
policiesoftheESDPandtheirinputintotheESDP.Itmakesacontribution
to the debate about the development of what has become one of the most
dynamic elements of the European Union.
This book will be of particular interest to students and researchers of
European integration, Strategic Studies and International Relations.
Clive Archer is a research professor in the Department of Politics and Phi-
losophyattheManchesterMetropolitanUniversity,UK.Hisresearchinter-
ests and areas of publication include the Nordic and Baltic region and
European integration and security.
UACES Contemporary European Studies Series
Edited by TanjaBo¨rzel, FreeUniversityof Berlin, MichelleCini, University
ofBristol,andRogerScully,UniversityofWales,Aberystwyth,onbehalfof
the University Association for Contemporary European Studies
Editorial Board: Grainne De Bu´rca, European University Institute and
ColumbiaUniversity;AndreasFøllesdal,NorwegianCentreforHumanRights,
University of Oslo; Peter Holmes, University of Sussex; Liesbet Hooghe,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Vrije Universiteit Amster-
dam; David Phinnemore, Queen’s University Belfast; Mark Pollack, Temple
University; Ben Rosamond, University of Warwick; Vivien Ann Schmidt,
University of Boston; Jo Shaw, University of Edinburgh; Mike Smith, Uni-
versity of Loughborough and Loukas Tsoukalis, ELIAMEP, University of
Athens and European University Institute.
The primary objective of the new Contemporary European Studies series is
to provide a research outlet for scholars of European Studies from all dis-
ciplines. The series publishes important scholarly works and aims to forge
for itself an international reputation.
1. The EU and Conflict Resolution
Promoting Peace in the Backyard
Nathalie Tocci
2. Central Banking Governance in the European Union
AComparative Analysis
Lucia Quaglia
3. New Security Issues in Northern Europe
The Nordic and Baltic States and the ESDP
Edited by Clive Archer
New Security Issues in Northern
Europe
The Nordic and Baltic States and the ESDP
Edited by Clive Archer
Firstpublished2008
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada
byRoutledge
270MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness.
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
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#2008CliveArcher
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orutilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,
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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
NewsecurityissuesinNorthernEurope:theNordicandBalticstatesand
theESDP/editedbyCliveArcher.
p.cm.–(UACEScontemporaryEuropeanstudiesseries)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-415-39340-9(hardback:alk.paper)–ISBN978-0-203-94682-
4(ebook:alk.paper)1.Scandinavia–Militarypolicy.2.BalticStates–
Militarypolicy.3.Nationalsecurity–Scandinavia.4.Nationalsecurity–
BalticStates.5.Europe–Militarypolicy.6.Nationalsecurity–Europe.I.
Archer,Clive.II.UniversityAssociationforContemporaryEuropean
Studies.
UA646.7.N482007
355’.033048–dc22
2006102751
ISBN 0-203-94682-0 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13:978-0-415-39340-9(hbk)
ISBN13:978-0-203-94682-4(ebk)
Contents
List of tables vii
Notes on contributors viii
Preface x
List of abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
Clive Archer
2 The security situation in Northern Europe after the Cold War 15
Erik Ma¨nnik
3 Northern Europe and the ESDP: the case of Sweden 38
Lars Wedin
4 Finland and the ESDP: ‘obliquely forwards’? 56
Hanna Ojanen
5 Denmark and the ESDPopt-out: a new wayof doing nothing? 78
Henrik Larsen
6 Norway between Europe and the US 94
Nina Græger
7 European Security and Defence Policy: the Latvian perspective 115
Zˇaneta Ozalin¸a
8 The role of the ESDP in Estonia’s security policy 139
Erik Ma¨nnik
9 Lithuania’s evolving security and defence policy: ‘not only
consumer, but also contributor’ 155
Grazina Miniotaite
vi Contents
10 Hard questions about European defence 174
Jaan Murumets
11 The ESDP and Northern Europe: conclusions and projections 193
Clive Archer
Bibliography 212
Index 233
List of tables
2.1 National ceilings outlined in the adapted CFE treaty 20
2.2 Territorial ceilings outlined in the adapted CFE treaty 21
2.3 Changes in the balance of forces between the Russian
Federation and NATO in Northern Europe from 1994
to 2004 22
2.4 Crime in Northern Europe 25
2.5 HIV/AIDS infection rates in the countries of the region
in 2002 26
2.6 Per capita gross national income of states in the region
and some neighbouring states from 1991 to 2003 31
2.7 Per capita ecological footprint of the countries in the
region in 2001 34
4.1 Finnish contributions to EU military capabilities 65
4.2 Finnish participation in ongoing international operations 67
7.1 Institutional and security policy-makers’ threat priorities 126
7.2 Latvian armed services personnel 134
7.3 Latvian assistance to EU neighbouring and Central Asian
states 135
9.1 Components and main tasks of the Lithuanian armed forces 169
9.2 Participation of Lithuania in major militaryoperations in
2005 171
11.1 Nordic and Baltic deployments abroad 200
Notes on contributors
Clive Archer is a research professor and Jean Monnet Ad Personam Chair
in the Department of Politics and Philosophy at the Manchester Metropo-
litan University, England. He has led international academic networks on
the Northern Dimension of the EU and on the ESDP and Northern
Europe. His research interests and areas of publication are the Nordic and
Baltic region and European integration and security. He authored Norway
Outside the European Union (Routledge, 2005).
Nina Græger is senior researcher at the Norwegian Institute of Interna-
tional Affairs (NUPI), Oslo, and has published several articles on Norwe-
gian, European and US security and defence policy. She is acting head of
the US hegemony research programme at NUPI, and co-editor of Interna-
tional Peacekeeping.
Henrik Larsen is associate professor in International Relations and Jean
Monnet Chair in European Foreign and Security Policy Integration at the
University of Copenhagen. He has previously published Foreign Policy and
Discourse Analysis: France, Britain and Europe (1997), The ESDP and the
Nordic Countries: Four Variations on a Theme (2002) (with Nina Græger
andHannaOjanen)andAnalysingSmallStateForeignPolicyintheEU:the
Case of Denmark (2005).
Erik Ma¨nnik has been Chair of Strategy at the Estonian National
Defence College, Tartu, since October 2005. He worked in the Estonian
Ministry of Defence and completed his doctoral thesis at the Manchester
Metropolitan University. His main research interest is the security and
defence of small states in the modern world, and he has published on this
and on Estonian security.
Grazina Miniotaite is Senior Research Fellow at the Culture, Philosophy
and Arts Research Institute, Lithuania. Her research interests include para-
digm shift in international relations theories, identity and security issues.
Shehaspublishedwidely,withrecentpublicationsincluding‘‘NormativePower
Europe’’andLithuania’sForeignPolicy(2006)andSearchforIdentityinModern
ForeignPolicyofLithuania:BetweentheNorthernandEasternDimensions(2005).
Jaan Murumets has been an associate professor in the Estonian National
Defence College since 2002. He has also served as a policy advisor to the
Notes on contributors ix
Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces and has undertaken extensive
consulting and training programmes in Central and Eastern Europe. His
research and publication field is civil-military relations and defence plan-
ning.
Hanna Ojanen is a senior researcher at the Finnish Institute of Interna-
tional Affairs, where she heads the programme on European Foreign and
Security Policy. She is adjunct professor of International Politics at the
University of Helsinki, and has been a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for
Security Studies in Paris. Her research interests and publications are in the
area of foreign, security and defence policies of the EU, EU relations with
NATO and the UN, defence integration and Nordic EU policies.
Zˇaneta Ozolin¸a is professor of International Relations at the University
of Latvia, Riga, and also chairs the Strategic Analysis Commission under
the auspices of the President of the Republic of Latvia. Her research inter-
ests cover international and regional security issues, foreign and security
policy of the Baltic states, as well as CFSP and ESDP issues, and she has
extensive publications in these areas.
Lars Wedin received his naval commission in 1969 and hasworked in the
SwedishMinistryforForeignAffairs,intheEUMilitaryStaffandasacting
professor in military strategy at the Swedish Defence College, Stockholm.
HeisactiveinresearchinstrategyfortheCollegeandattheFrenchInstitut
d’Analyse Strate´gique. He has written about strategy and also French mili-
tary thinking.