New Research on Antioxidants (Nova Biomedical)

312 Pages·2008·4.65 MB·English

by  Marin D. (Editor)

NEW RESEARCH ON ANTIOXIDANTS

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NEW RESEARCH ON ANTIOXIDANTS

DIEGO MARÍN
AND
PABLO GARCÍA
Editors

Nova Biomedical Books
New York
Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
New research on antioxidants / Diego Marín and Pablo García (editors).
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60876-252-1 (E-Book)
1. Antioxidants. I. Marín, Diego, 1961- II. García, Pablo, 1959-
[DNLM: 1. Antioxidants--pharmacology. 2. Antioxidants--therapeutic use. QV 325 N5325
2008]
RB170.N52 2008
616.07--dc22 2008012765

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter I Role of Antioxidants in the Therapy Against Leukemia 1
Guillermo López-Lluch, Emilio Siendones,
Gloria Brea-Calvo, Daniel J. Moreno Fernández-Ayala
and Plácido Navas
Chapter II Mechanism of Tumorigenesis: Focus on Oxidative
Stress, Electron Transfer and Antioxidants 35
Peter Kovacic and Ratnasamy Somanathan
Chapter III Antioxidant Effects of Astragali Radix oxidative stress 77
Shizuo Toda
Chapter IV Role of Vitamin E in Cellular Antioxidant
Defense - A New Perspective 85
Ching Kuang Chow
Chapter V Natural Antioxidants from Agro-Food by
Products: an Experimental Approach for Recovery
of Phenolics from Wine-Making by-Products 99
Giorgia Spigno, Lorenza Tramelli
and Dante Marco De Faveri
Chapter VI Histidine-Containing Dipeptides as
Hydrophilic Tissue Antioxidants 131
Alexander A. Boldyrev
Chapter VII N-H or C-H Bonds Cleavage in N-phenyl-N’-
Alkyl-p-phenylenediamine Antioxidants? 203
Martin Breza
Chapter VIII A Novel 88 kDa Acute Phase Protein in
Inflammations and its Antioxidant Function 233
S. Ramakrishnan, M. Rajesh and K. N. Sulochana
vi Contents
Chapter IX Influences of Alpha-Ketoglutarate and Ornithine
Alpha-Ketoglutarate on Lipid Peroxidation
and Antioxidants and on Their Temporal Patterns 253
P. Subramanian, K. B. Dakshayani
and M. Mohamed Essa
Chapter X Determination of the Antioxidant Content of
Certain Prophylactic and Treatment Preparations 269
Z. G. Kozlova, A. A. Kharitonova
and V. F. Tsepalov
Index 275
PREFACE

In biological systems, the normal processes of oxidation (plus a minor contribution from
ionizing radiation) produce highly reactive free radicals. These can readily react with and
damage other molecules. In some cases the body uses free radicals to destroy foreign or
unwanted objects, such as in an infection. However, in the wrong place, the body's own cells
may become damaged. Should the damage occur to DNA, the result could be cancer.
Antioxidants decrease the damage done to cells by reducing oxidants before they can damage
the cell. Virtually all studies of mammals have concluded that a restricted calorie diet extends
the lifespan of mammals by as much as 100%. This remarkable finding suggests that food is
actually more damaging than smoking. As food produces free radicals (oxidants) when
metabolized, antioxidant-rich diets are thought to stave off the effects of aging significantly
better than diets lacking in antioxidants. The reduced levels of free radicals, resulting from a
reduction in their production by metabolism, is thought to be a major cause of the success of
caloric restriction in increasing life span.
Antioxidants consist of a group of vitamins including vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and
carotenoids, (such as beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein). This new book brings together the
latest research in this dynamic field.
Chapter I - Some therapy against leukaemia is based on the use of compounds able re-
induce the differentiation program. The use of the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol
(1,25D ), or trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in monocytic or myeloid leukemic cell differentiation
3
respectively has been taken into consideration in clinical therapy. They are natural
compounds that are accepted at relatively high doses by the organism, but secondary effects
can take place due to other functions different than regulating the differentiation program in
cancerous cells. These secondary effects due to overloading of both, ATRA or 1,25D , can be
3
surpassed by co-treatment with compounds with antioxidant properties such as vitamin C,
vitamin E, polyphenols, carotenoids or other antioxidants. In some cases, these compounds
also have demonstrated anti-leukaemic activity. Thus, they use in clinical studies has been
taking into consideration. In several cases, these natural compounds are unable to induce the
differentiation program in leukemic cells but they enhance the effect of the activators of
differentiation such as ATRA or 1,25D . In the present chapter the authors review the effect
3
of the use of natural antioxidant compounds on the treatment of leukemic cells and will try to
define the probable common mechanism of action for this plethora of substances.
viii Diego Marín and Pablo García
Chapter II - For more than half a century, numerous proposals have been advanced for
the mode of action of carcinogens. This review presents a wide array of evidence that
implicates oxidative stress (OS) in many aspects of oncology, including formation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) by the major classes of carcinogens (as well as minor ones), cancer
stages, oncogene activation, aging, genetic and infectious illnesses, nutrition, and the role of
antioxidants (AOs). Although diverse origins pertain, including both endogenous and
exogenous agents, ROS are frequently generated by redox cycling via electron transfer (ET)
groups, e.g., quinones (or phenolic precursors), metal complexes (or complexors), aromatic
nitro compounds (or reduced products), and conjugated imines (or iminium species). The
authors believe it is not coincidental that these functionalities are often found in carcinogens
or their metabolites. The pervasive aspects of DNA binding by ultimate carcinogens, and
mutations caused by ROS are treated. Often, ROS are implicated in more conventional
rationales, such as oncogenes. A multifaceted approach to mechanisms appears to be the most
logical.
The OS unifying theme represents an approach, which is able to rationalize the diverse
data associated with tumorigenesis. Because this theoretical framework aids in the
understanding of cancer initiation, it can serve as a useful tool in combating cancer,
particularly in relation to prevention by antioxidants.
Chapter III - Astragali Radix, a main component in many Chinese herbal medicines, was
shown to have antioxidant effects on lipid peroxidation. Afrormosin, calycosin and odoratin
as isoflavones in Astragali Radix were isolated and identified as antioxidant components on
lipid peroxidation. Biochnin A, daidzein and genistein as other isoflavones also were shown
to have antioxidant effects on lipid peroxidation. These results demonstrated that Astragali
Radix, afrormosin, calycosin, formononetin and odoratin as isoflavones in Astragali Radix,
biochanin A, daidzein and genistein as other isoflavones have antioxidant effects on oxidative
stress.
Chapter IV - Protection against free radical-initiated oxidative damage has long been
recognized as the most important biological function of vitamin E. However, the mechanism
by which vitamin E exerts its antioxidant function in vivo has yet to be delineated. Recent
findings that dietary vitamin E reduces the rates of mitochondrial superoxide generation and
levels of labile iron provide a rational explanation as to how the vitamin may exert its
antioxidant function at the tissue level. Superoxide is a key precursor for other reactive
oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), and is capable of releasing iron from its protein
complexes. The labile or available form of iron has the potential to catalyze the formation of
reactive hydroxyl radicals. Superoxide can also react readily with nitric oxide to form
peroxynitrite. Both hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite have potential to initiate oxidative
damage to essential biomolecules. Thus, by reducing available superoxide, dietary vitamin E
may reduce available hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite, and thus attenuate oxidative
damage. Furthermore, by reducing the levels of ROS/RNS, vitamin E may modulate the
activation and/or expression of redox-sensitive biological response modifiers, and, thereby,
mediate the cellular events leading to the onset of cardiovascular, cancer, aging and other
degenerative diseases.
Chapter V - This chapter is aimed to underline the increasing importance that natural
antioxidants have been gaining in the last years. Antioxidants are naturally present in many
foods, so that they can be seen as potential recovery sources: oilseeds, nuts, cereals, legumes,
vegetables, fruits, herbs, spices and teas. Besides these, antioxidants are often present in food