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New polyurethane nail lacquers for the delivery of antifungal drugs PDF

241 Pages·2017·5.21 MB·English
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Preview New polyurethane nail lacquers for the delivery of antifungal drugs

UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE FARMÁCIA DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMÁCIA GALÉNICA E TECNOLOGIA FARMACÊUTICA New polyurethane nail lacquers for the delivery of antifungal drugs Bárbara Susana Gregorí Valdés Orientadores: Prof. Doutora Helena Margarida de Oliveira Marques Ribeiro Prof. Doutor João Moura Bordado Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Farmácia, especialidade de Tecnologia Farmacêutica. 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE FARMÁCIA DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMÁCIA GALÉNICA E TECNOLOGIA FARMACÊUTICA New polyurethane nail lacquers for the delivery of antifungal drugs Bárbara Susana Gregorí Valdés Orientadores: Prof. Doutora Helena Margarida de Oliveira Marques Ribeiro Prof. Doutor João Moura Bordado Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Farmácia, especialidade de Tecnologia Farmacêutica. Júri: Presidente: Doutora Matilde da Luz dos Santos Duque da Fonseca e Castro, Professora Catedrática e Diretora da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa. Vogais: - Doutor Francisco Javier Otero Espinar, Titular de Universidad Facultad de Farmacia da Universidade Santiago de Compostela, Espanha; - Doutora Maria Eugénia Soares Rodrigues Tavares de Pina, Professora Associada com Agregação Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra; - Doutora Ana Paula Rocha Duarte, Professora Auxiliar Convidada Universidade Atlântica; - Doutor Rui Miguel Galhano dos Santos Lopes, Bolseiro de Pós-Doutoramento Instituto Superior Técnico da Universidade de Lisboa; - Doutora Helena Margarida de Oliveira Marques Ribeiro, Professora Associada Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Orientadora; - Doutora Joana Marques Marto, Professora Auxiliar Convidada Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Grant (SFRH/BD/78962/2011) 2017 To my daughter v vi “Competition breeds excellence and whoever says otherwise, is still hurting from a loss in the past. Victory is around the corner if you keep competing.” — Patrick Bet-David vii viii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. xvi Abstract ................................................................................................................................. xviii Resumo ...................................................................................................................................... xx List of figures ........................................................................................................................... xxv List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... xxix Abbreviations & Symbols ...................................................................................................... xxxii Chapter 1: General Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.Onychomycosis ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Epidemiology ................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Risk factors ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Clinical classification ....................................................................................................... 7 2.Transungual delivery ............................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Nail structure and transungual permeation ....................................................................... 9 2.2 Mathematical description of nail permeability ............................................................... 12 3.Onychomycosis topical therapy ............................................................................................ 13 3.1 Drug delivery enhancers ................................................................................................. 14 3.2 Examples of antifungal drugs ......................................................................................... 20 3.3 Examples of topical pharmaceutical forms .................................................................... 25 4. Nail Lacquer in onychomycosis therapy .............................................................................. 32 5. Polyurethane a potential excipient in therapeutic nail lacquer ........................................... 42 5.1 Synthesis of Polyurethane .............................................................................................. 42 5.2 Monomers for the synthesis of polyurethanes ................................................................ 43 5.3 Methods for synthesis of polyurethanes ......................................................................... 47 ix 5.4 Synthesis of polyurethanes from carbohydrates ............................................................. 48 5.5 Application of polyurethane in Biomedical Industry ..................................................... 49 5.6 Application of polyurethane in drug delivery system. ................................................... 50 6. References ............................................................................................................................ 53 Chapter 2: Synthesis and characterization of polyurethanes employing carbohydrates ......... 69 1.Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 71 2. Materials and methods ......................................................................................................... 72 2.1 Materials ......................................................................................................................... 72 2.2 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 72 2.2.1 Synthesis of the polyurethane quasi-prepolymers ....................................................... 72 2.2.2 Synthesis of polyurethanes .......................................................................................... 73 2.3 Characterization of polyurethane quasi-prepolymers .................................................... 74 2.3.1 Determination of viscosity .......................................................................................... 74 2.3.2 Free isocyanate content ............................................................................................... 74 2.3.3 FTIR ............................................................................................................................ 74 2.4 Polyurethane characterization ........................................................................................ 74 2.4.1 Solubility studies for polyurethanes ............................................................................ 74 2.4.2 FTIR ............................................................................................................................ 74 2.4.3 NMR ........................................................................................................................... 74 2.4.4 Thermoanalytical measurements ................................................................................. 75 2.4.5 Cytotoxicity assay ....................................................................................................... 75 2.4.5.1 Preparation of sample ............................................................................................... 75 2.4.5.2 Direct contact assay .................................................................................................. 75 3. Results and discussion .......................................................................................................... 76 3.1 Syntheses of polyurethane quasi-prepolymers ............................................................... 76 x

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between sexes, leading to a difference in the capacity to inhibit the growth of dermatophytes. (18). It is also considered that the use of occlusive footwear and nail injuries may contribute to a higher incidence in males (2). Recent studies had stated that onychomycosis may have a genetic basis, w
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