New Islamic Schools This page intentionally left blank New Islamic Schools Tradition, Modernity, and Class in Urban Pakistan Sanaa Riaz new islamic schools Copyright © Sanaa Riaz, 2014. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-38246-7 All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-48000-5 ISBN 978-1-137-38247-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137382474 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Riaz, Sanaa. New Islamic schools : tradition, modernity, and class in urban Pakistan / Sanaa Riaz. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Islamic education—Pakistan. 2. Islamic religious education—Pakistan. I. Title. LC910.P3R53 2014 371.077—dc23 2013044029 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Amnet. First Edition: May 2014 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Razia Riaz, the woman who dreamed dauntlessly, and Riazuddin, the clever man who let her . . . To my middle-class heroes, who braved bringing liberalism home to their daughters . . . This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables ix A Note on Transliteration xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 I ntroduction: Understanding Tradition, Modernity, and Class in Islamic Education 1 2 Situating the Islamic Schooling Trend in Pakistan 13 3 Th e Educational System in Pakistan and the Place of Islamic Schooling 49 4 Examining Diversity in Islamic Schools 87 5 Knowledge at Play 113 6 Toward a New Approach to Islamic Education 161 Notes 167 Bibliography 177 Glossary 183 Index 187 This page intentionally left blank List of Tables Table 1.1 Economic and Social Standing of Islamic Schools and Their Patrons Based on Income-Level Areas 5 Table 3.1 Education Policy: 1998–2010 55 Table 3.2 Review of Subjects Taught in Grades 1–8 in Public Schools, Private Schools, and Madrasas 59 Table 3.3 Review of Subjects Taught in Grades 9 and 10 in Public Schools, Private Schools, and Madrasas 59 Table 3.4 Subjects Taught in Islamic Schools and Their Nature of Inclusion 85