NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY An International Journal of Innovative Theory in Psychology © PERGAMON New Ideas in Psychology An International Journal of Innovative Theory in Psychology Editors Richard Kitchener, Department of Philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A. Benny Shanon, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Founding Editor: Pierre Moessinger Editorial Assistants: Tod Sloan (Tulsa, U.S.A.), John Morss (New Zealand), Jeffrey Atlas (New York, U.S.A.), and Helen Haste (England) Production Editor: Val Lepper, Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, U.K. Advisory Editorial Board L. Apostel, Gent; F. Bresson, Paris; J. S. Bruner, New York, NY; M. Bunge, Montreal; A. A. El Koussy, Giza; J. Fodor, Cambridge, MA; H. von Foerster, Pescadero, CA; H. Furth, Washington, DC; H. Gruber, New York, NY; I. J. Good, Blacksburg, VA; F. Klix, Berlin, DDR; M. Malitza, Bern; L. Mann, Bedford Park, S. Australia; M. L. Minsky, Cambridge, MA; S. Moscovici, Paris; G. Pask, Richmond, U.K.; H. Sinclair, Geneva; G. Stent, Berkeley, CA; I. D. Thiam, Dakar; J. P. S. Uberoi, Delhi. Editorial Board W.M. Bart, Foundations of Education, Burton Hall, A.R. Jonckheere, Dept. of Psychology, University College, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A. Gower St., London, U.K. C. Best, Dept. of Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia J. Kockelmans, Dept. of Philosophy, 246 Sparks Building. The University, Box 142, New York, NY 10027, U.S.A. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, T. G. R. Bower, Dept. of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, U.S.A. Edinburgh, U.K. D. Kuhn, Dept. of Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia G. Cellérier, | FPSE, Université de Genéve, 1211 Genéve 4, University, P.O. Box 33, New York, NY 10027, U.S.A. Switzerland H.M.Lacey, Dept. of Philosophy, Swarthmore College, D. Feldman, Dept. of Psychology, Paige Hall, Tufts University, Swarthmore, PA 19081, U.S.A. Medford, MA 02155, U.S.A. J.Macnamara, Dept. of Psychology, McGill University, F.Fincham, Dept. of Psychology, University of Illinois at Stewart Biological Sciences Bldg., Montreal, PO, Canada H3A Urbana-Champaign, 603 East Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 1B1 61820, U.S.A. J. Margolis, Dept. of Philosophy, Temple University, D. J. Freeman-Moir, Dept. of Education, Canterbury Philadelphia, PA 19122, U.S.A. University, Christchurch, New Zealand W. Mays, The Journal of the British Society for H. Gadlin, Office of Ombudsman, UCLA, 274 Kinsey Hall, Phenomenology, 54 Spath Rd, Didsbury, Manchester 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1508, U.S.A. M20 8GT, U.K. H. Gardner, Harvard University, Development Group J. A. Meacham, Dept. of Psychology, State University of New Harvard Project Zero, 323 Longfellow Hall, Appian Way, York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, U.S.A. Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. T. Natsoulas, Dept. of Psychology, University of California, K.G. Gergen, Dept. of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. Swarthmore, PA 19081, U.S.A. J. Russell, Dept. of Psychology, University of Liverpool, P.O. A. P. Giorgi, Dept. of Psychology, Duquesne University, Box 147, Liverpool LG9 3BX, U.K. Pittsburgh, PA 15219, U.S.A. P.F.Secord, College of Education, University of Houston, R. Harré, Sub-Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, 10 University Park, Houston, TX 77004, U.S.A. Merton Street, Oxford OX1 4JJ, U.K. A.Sloman, Cognitive Studies Programme, University of A. Harris, Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QN, U.K. NJ 07102, U.S.A. E. Sober, |M useum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard R. Holmes, Dept. of Psychology, London School of Economics University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. London WC2A 2AE, U.K. J. Vonéche, FPSE, Université de Genéve, CH-1211 Genéve 4, B. Hopkins, Dept. of Developmental Neurology, University Switzerland Hospital, Oostersongel 59, Groningen, The Netherlands R. Wozniak, Dept. of Education, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn D.Ingleby, _ Institute of Developmental Psychology, University Mawr, PA 19010, U.S.A. of Utrecht, Holland R. Zayan, Dept. de Psychologie experimentale, Université de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Publishing. Subscription and Advertising Offices: Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, U.K. [Tel. (0865) 794141: Fax (0865) 60285] and Elsevier Science Inc., 660 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-5153, U.S.A. Subscription Rates Annual Subscription Rates 1994: North, Central and South America, U.S.$225.00; Rest of the World, £145.00. Associated Personal Subscription Rates are available on request for those whose institutions are library subscribers. Sterling prices exclude VAT. Non-VAT registered customers in the European Community will be charged the appropriate VAT in addition to the prices listed. Prices include postage and insurance and are subject to change without notice. Microform subscriptions and back issues: Back issues of all previously published volumes, in both hard copy and on microform, are available direct from Elsevier Science offices Published 3 times a year in March, July and November Copyright © i994 Elsevier Science Ltd It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted if published elsewhere. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright for their article is transferred to the copyright owner if and when the article is accepted for publication. However, assignment of copyright is not required from authors who work for organizations which do not permit such assignment. The copyright covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, photographic reproductions, microform or any other reproductions of similar nature and translations. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Whilst every effort is made by the publishers and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appear in this journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisements herein are the sole responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publishers, the editorial board and editors and their respective employees, officers and agents accept no responsibility or liability whatsoever for the consequences of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement. CONTENTS NUMBER1 FORTHCOMING IN NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY EDITORIAL ARTICLES Russell C. Leaf Control, volition, and the “experimental method” Commentary Ralph L. Rosnow Toward methodological pluralism and theoretical ecumenism: A response to Leaf John Laurence Miller Mentalism revisited: The case of learning disabilities John Shotter Vygotsky: The social negotiation of semiotic mediation Alvin Pam Family systems theory—A critical view Robert J. Smith Eating disorders and the production—consumption dialectic IDEAS IN PROGRESS Benny Shanon Fractal patterns in language BOOK REVIEWS Clifford Hill and The interview as a research tool: Review of Research Interviewing: Laurie Anderson Context and Narrative by Elliot Mishler; and Learning How to Ask: ‘A Sociolinguistic Appraisal of the Role of the Interview in Social Science Research by Charles Briggs David Erlanger Who’s afraid of Alice Miller? Review of The Untouched Key by Alice Miller; Banished Knowledge by Alice Miller; and Breaking Down the Wall of Silence by Alice Miller Peter Provet Helping the self without cocaine: Review of Cocaine Solutions: Help for Cocaine Abusers and Their Families by Jennifer Rice- Licare and Katharine Delaney-McLoughlin lisa J. Bick More lack in cinema: Review of Psychoanalysis and Cinema edited by E. Ann Kaplan BOOK NOTICES EDITORIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER 2 FORTHCOMING IN NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY ARTICLES Jon D. Ringen Critical naturalism and the philosophy of psychology Commentaries Laurence D. Smith Making sense of epistemological pluralism: A response to Ringen Ron Amundson On the plurality of psychological naturalisms: A response to Ringen Jon D. Ringen Critical naturalism and relativism: A reply to Smith and Amundson John S. Murnane The psychology of computer languages for introductory programming courses Stephen Downes Modeling scientific practice: Paul Thagard’s computational approach INTERVIEW Diane Handlin Structuring the silence: An interview with Mary Belenky and Blythe Clinchy Commentaries Mary Brabeck Recommendations for re-examining Women’s Ways of Knowing: A response to Handlin’s interview with Belenky and Clinchy James K. Zimmerman Developmental and contextual issues in Women’s Ways of Knowing: A response to Handlin’s interview with Belenky and Clinchy Eric Amsel, Anne Constantinople Coherence and variation in the development of self: A response to and Alyssa Zucker Handlin’s interview with Belenky and Clinchy CRITICAL STUDY Susan Engel Metaphors and knowledge: A review [The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason by Mark Johnson; Metaphoric Worlds: Conceptions of aR omantic Nature by Samuel Levin; Symbolism and Knowledge edited by Jacques Montangero, Anastasia Tryphon, and Sylvain Dionnet; and Death is the Mother of Beauty: Mind Metaphor, Criticism by Mark Turner] BOOK REVIEWS Vicki J. Volbrecht Perceptual learning meets associative learning: Review of Perceptual and Associative Learning by Geoffrey Hall Ayla F. Kohn Deciding to care: Review of The Brighter Side of Human Nature: Altruism and Empathy in Everyday Life by Alfie Kohn Janie L. Kritzman Where do we go from here? Review of Advances in Adolescent Mental Health by Arlene Rubin Stiffman and Ronald Feldman NUMBER 3 FORTHCOMING IN NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY ARTICLES Robert W. Mitchell 5 Mental models of mirror-self-recognition: Two theories Commentaries Gordon G. Gallup, Jr and : Mirror, mirror on the wall which is the most heuristic theory of Daniel J. Povinelli them all? A response to Mitchell Jacques-D. de Lannoy a Two theories of a mental model of mirror-self-recognition: A response to Mitchell James R. Anderson 3: To see ourselves as others see us: A response to Mitchell R. W. Byrne : The meaning of “awareness”: A response to Mitchell Robert W. Mitchell 351 Recognizing one’s self in a mirror? A reply to Gallup and Povinelli, de Lannoy, Anderson, and Byrne John Shotter Bakhtin and Vygotsky: Internalization as a boundary phenomenon IDEAS IN PROGRESS Baruch Nevo In search of a correctness typology for intelligence INTERVIEW Girishwar Misra Psychology from a constructionist perspective: An interview with Kenneth J. Gergen BOOK REVIEWS John Shotter 5 The ‘poetry’ prior to science: Review of Vico and Humanism: Essays on Vico, Heidegger, and Rhetoric by Ernesto Grassi Charles W. Tolman An East-West dialog on theoretical psychology: Review of Theoretical Psychology: The Meeting of East and West by Anand C. Paranjpe Barbara Duarte Esgalhado Charting a new course: Review of Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Women’s Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education edited by C. Gilligan, J. V.W ard, and J. McLean Taylor with Betty Bardige AUTHOR INDEX Amsel, E. 267 Miller, J. L. 39 Amundson, R. 193 Misra, G. 399 Anderson, L. 111 Mitchell, R. W. 295, 351 Anderson, J. R. 339 Murnane, J. S. 213 Bick, I. J. 135 Nevo, B. 391 Byrne, R. W. 347 Pam, A. 77 Constantinople, A. 267 Povinelli, F. J. 327 Provet, P. 131 de Lannoy, J.-D. 337 Downes, S. 229 Ringen, J. D. 153 Engel, S. 273 Rosnow, R. L. 35 Erlanger, D. 127 Esgalhado, B. D. 421 Shanon, B. 105 Shotter, J. 61, 379, 419 Gallup, G. G., Jr 327 Smith, R. J. 95 Smith, L. D. 179 Handlin, D. 245 Hill, C. 111 Tolman, C. W. 419 Kohn, A. F. 287 Volbrecht, V. J. 285 Kritzman, J. L. 291 Zimmerman, J. K. 259 Leaf, R. C. 3 Zucker, A. 267 AIMS AND SCOPE There is a growing dissatisfaction with fragmentation in How new ideas develop: conceptual issues in theory theoretical psychology and without doubt there is a felt need construction, scientific creativity and growth of know- for a journal containing articles which aim to integrate these ledge; fragmented ideas and theories. Since the usual methods and perspectives have failed to achieve such integration, common Exploratory theorizing: broad problems in any field of sense suggests that we try new and more daring hypotheses. psychology, focusing on new and plausible hypotheses; We place particular emphasis on the fact that informed discussion of psychological theories needs to be interdisciplin- Ideas in progress: heuristic insights, suggestive or intri- ary. We are intrigued by the possibility of facilitating a guing speculations. rapprochement between traditions of thought that currently ignore each other. We also anticipate that fresh ideas may New Ideas in Psychology provides a forum for theorizers. It come from research in fields indirectly related to psychology. is open to letters, comments or debate, and puts a special emphasis on seminal and controversial ideas. Empirical papers New Ideas in Psychology is devoted to innovative theory in are welcome, but only as long as they focus on conceptual psychology. It does this in several ways; by dealing with issues and are theoretically creative. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AND COMMENTATORS Five types of article are included in New Ideas in Psychology. All necessary illustrations should accompany the typescript (1) How New Ideas Develop and should be on separate sheets. All photographs, diagrams Articles dealing with conceptual issues in theory construc- and charts should be referred to as figures and marked tion, scientific creativity and growth of knowledge. consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text. Each figure must be marked on the back with the name/s of (2) Exploratory Theorizing the author/s, the title of the paper and an arrow pointing to the Unusually significant theoretical articles integrating sub- top of the figure. The captions for all figures should be typed fields of psychology together on one sheet of paper headed ‘captions to figures’. Novel interpretations, or syntheses, of existing theoretical work. Photographs should be unmounted black and white glossy prints. Line diagrams should be drawn in black Indian ink on (3) Ideas in Progress ; A4 white paper or white board. Lines should be of sufficient Tentative and sketchy hypotheses which are not fully thickness and lettering of sufficient size to allow for reduction. developed but which seem to be fruitful and promising. Typewritten lettering does not reproduce satisfactorily. Let- (4) Book Reviews peo tering should be done in pencil if it cannot be done in a style Thoughtful essays on current volumes of theorizing in suitable for reproduction. psychology. Tables should be as few as possible and include only (5) Interviews essential data. They should be given an Arabic numeral, e.g. Controversial articles can be accompanied by solicited Table 3, and referred to in the text. Table headings should be discussion papers and a rebuttal by the author, Occasionally, numbered as a separate set from figures and typed on a single an article that substantially contradicts well-established sheet. Each table should be typed on a single sheet; vertical aspects of current theory can be submitted to multiple peer lines should not be drawn. commentary. References sHould follow the style given in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (3rd ed., Length: Type (1) and (2) papers should not exceed 25 pp. 115-133), see examples below: typewritten pages. (Solicited articles may be longer.) Papers Journal must have an abstract of no more than 15 lines. Pavio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s Discussion papers and interviews should not exceed 10 eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647. a ang ages. Book Type (3)-(5) manuscripts should not exceed 15 typewritten Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P. (1981). Family therapy pages. Rebuttals and peer commentaries should comprise 2-4 outcome research: Knowns and unknowns. In A. S. typewritten pages. Gurman, & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family Style: The significance of articles published in New Ideas in therapy (pp. 742-775). New York: Brunner/Mazel. Psychology should be apparent to readers outside the field of References should contain the names of all authors with their psychology. Therefore, a special effort towards clarity should initials, the title of the paper, the name of the Journal in full, be made. Jargon and wordiness are to be avoided. the volume number, the inclusive page numbers, and the year of publication. Proofs will be sent to the first-named author. 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