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Indian Institute of Metals Series Amber Shrivastava · Amit Arora · Chandan Srivastava · Nikhil Dhawan · Sudhanshu Shekhar Singh Editors New Horizons in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing Metallurgy Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Metals Series EditorialBoard DivakarRamachandran,IndiraGandhiCentreforAtomicResearch,Kalpakkam, India BikramjitBasu,IndianInstituteofScience,Bengaluru,India I.Chattoraj,NationalMetallurgicalLaboratory,Jamshedpur,India N.EswaraPrasad,DMSRDE,PODMSRDE,MinistryofDefence,GovtofIndia, Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India IndranilManna,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur,India AmolA.Gokhale,IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay,Mumbai,India G.MadhusudanReddy,DefenceMetallurgicalResearchLab,Hyderabad, Telangana,India AbouttheBookSeries: Thestudyofmetallurgyandmaterialsscienceisvitalfordevelopingadvancedmate- rialsfordiverseapplications.Inthelastdecade,theprogressinthisfieldhasbeenrapid andextensive,givingusanewarrayofmaterials,withawiderangeofapplications, andavarietyofpossibilitiesfordesignofnewmaterials,processingandcharacter- izingthematerials.Inordertomakethisgrowingvolumeofknowledgeavailable, an initiative to publish a series of books in Metallurgy and Materials Science was takenduringtheDiamondJubileeyearoftheIndianInstituteofMetals(IIM)inthe year2006,andhasbeenpublishedinpartnershipwithSpringersince2016. Thisbookseriespublishesdifferentcategoriesofpublications:textbookstosatisfy therequirementsofstudentsandbeginnersinthefield,monographsonselecttopics byexpertsinthefield,professionalbookstocatertotheneedsofpractisingengineers, andproceedingsofselectinternationalconferencesorganizedbyIIMaftermandatory peerreview.Theseriespublishesacrossallareasofmaterialssciencesandmetallurgy. Anpanelofeminentinternationalandnationalexpertsservesastheadvisorybody inoverseeingtheselectionoftopics,importantareastobecovered,andtheselection ofcontributingauthors. · · Amber Shrivastava Amit Arora · · Chandan Srivastava Nikhil Dhawan Sudhanshu Shekhar Singh Editors New Horizons in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing Metallurgy Materials Engineering Editors AmberShrivastava AmitArora DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DepartmentofMaterialsEngineering IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay IndianInstituteofTechnologyGandhinagar Mumbai,Maharashtra,India Gandhinagar,Gujarat,India ChandanSrivastava NikhilDhawan DepartmentofMaterialsEngineering DepartmentofMetallurgicalandMaterials IndianInstituteofScience Engineering Bengaluru,Karnataka,India IndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee Roorkee,Uttarakhand,India SudhanshuShekharSingh DepartmentofMaterialsScience andEngineering IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India ISSN 2509-6400 ISSN 2509-6419 (electronic) IndianInstituteofMetalsSeries ISBN 978-981-19-5569-3 ISBN 978-981-19-5570-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5570-9 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Series Editor’s Preface TheIndianInstituteofMetalsSeries isaninstitutionalpartnershipseriesfocusing onmetallurgyandmaterialsscienceandengineering. AbouttheIndianInstituteofMetals The Indian Institute of Metals (IIM) is a premier professional body (since 1947) representinganeminentanddynamicgroupofmetallurgistsandmaterialsscientists and engineers from R&D institutions, academia and industry, mostly from India. Itisaregisteredprofessionalinstitutewiththeprimaryobjectiveofpromotingand advancingthestudyandpracticeofthescienceandtechnologyofmetals,alloysand novel materials. The institute is actively engaged in promoting academia-research andinstitute-industryinteractions. GenesisandHistoryoftheSeries Thestudyofmetallurgyandmaterialsscienceandengineeringisvitalfordeveloping advancedmaterialsfordiverseapplications.Inthelastdecade,theprogressinthis fieldhasbeenrapidandextensive,givingusanewarrayofmaterials,withawide rangeofapplicationsandavarietyofpossibilitiesforprocessingandcharacterizing thematerials.Inordertomakethisgrowingvolumeofknowledgeavailable,aninitia- tivetopublishaseriesofbooksinmetallurgyandmaterialsscienceandengineering wastakenduringtheDiamondJubileeyearoftheIndianInstituteofMetals(IIM) intheyear2006.IIMenteredintoapartnershipwithUniversitiesPress,Hyderabad, andaspartoftheIIMbookseries,11bookswerepublished,andanumberofthese havebeenco-publishedbyCRCPress,USA.Thebookswereauthoredbyeminent professionals in academia, industry and R&D with an outstanding background in their respective domains, thus generating unique resources of validated expertise v vi SeriesEditor’sPreface ofinterestinmetallurgy.Theinternationalcharacteroftheauthorsandeditorshas enabled the books to command national and global readership. This book series includes different categories of publications: textbooks to satisfy the requirements ofundergraduatesandbeginnersinthefield,monographsonselecttopicsbyexperts in the field and proceedings of select international conferences organized by IIM, aftermandatorypeerreview.Aneminentpanelofinternationalandnationalexperts constitutestheadvisorybodyinoverseeingtheselectionoftopics,importantareas tobecovered,inthebooksandtheselectionofcontributingauthors. CurrentSeriesInformation Toincreasethereadershipandtoensurewidedisseminationamongglobalreaders, this new chapter of the series has been initiated with Springer in the year 2016. Thegoalistocontinuepublishinghigh-valuecontentonmetallurgyandmaterials science and engineering, focusing on current trends and applications. So far, four important books on state of the art in metallurgy and materials science and engineering have been published, and during this year, three more books are released during IIM-ATM 2021. Readers who are interested in writing books for the series may contact the Series Editor-in-Chief Dr. U. Kamachi Mudali, Former Presi- dent of IIM and Vice Chancellor of VIT Bhopal University at ukmudali1@gmail. com, [email protected] or the Springer Editorial Director Ms. Swati Meherishi [email protected]. AboutNewHorizonsinMetallurgy,Materials andManufacturing The book New Horizons in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing presents an overview of the evolution and opportunities associated with promising upcoming fields in materials, metallurgy and manufacturing. There are a lot of interesting fields at this tri-junction, such as alloy design, bio-materials, composites, high entropy alloys, sensors, electronic materials, recycling and materials degradation. Theprogressinthesefieldsisfurtherfueledbytheadvancesintheanalysisandfabri- cationtechniquessuchascorrelativemicroscopy,additivemanufacturingandsurface engineering.Thebookdiscussestheabovetopics/fieldscoveringadvancedanalysis techniques,fabricationmethodsandvarioustechnologicalapplications.Eachchapter providesthebasicsoftherespectivefieldandcomprehensivelydiscussesthecurrent developmentsandfutureavenues,toarriveatapointwherethereaderacquiresan overall view of the field. Special emphasis is given on the scientific fundamentals andapplicationpotential,inawaythatreadersofallbackgroundscangetbenefited. SeriesEditor’sPreface vii TheeditorsDr.AmberShrivastava,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Bombay;Dr. ChandanSrivastava,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore;Dr.SudhanshuShekhar Singh, Indian Instituteof Technology, Kanpur; Dr.Amit Arora, Indian Instituteof Technology,Gandhinagar;andDr.NikhilDhawan,IndianInstituteofTechnology, Roorkee,havemadeexcellenteffortstocoordinatewithspecialistsintherespective fieldtoprovidetenarticlesofhighrelevance.Thesechaptersinthemostadvanced areasofmaterialsengineeringhavebeenpreparedbythewell-experiencedauthors meticulouslyforareadertopursueresearchinthoseareas.Thisbookwillbeatreasure for those who are interested in learning everything about advanced materials and manufacturingtechnologiesandpursuingacareerandstudyintheareaofadvanced materials and manufacturing. The IIM-Spring Series gratefully acknowledge the editorsandauthorsfortheexcellentchapterscoveringawiderangeofinformation onthesubjectmatterofinteresttothereaders. Dr.U.KamachiMudali Editor-in-Chief SeriesinMetallurgyandMaterials Engineering ViceChancellor VITBhopalUniversity Bhopal,India Foreword Materials and manufacturing is a discipline as old as human civilization; yet, the subjectkeepsreinventingitselfyeartoyearsuchthatonelongsto—andneedsto— explorenewhorizonsandtheopportunitiesandchallengesthatlieahead.Metallurgy is an evolving subject which has got developed by mergers and differentiation of varioussub-disciplines.Theimpactthatmetallurgicalindustrieshavemadeonthe economiesofcountries,includingIndia,hasbeensignificant. Likeabiologist,metallurgistsandmaterialsscientistsneedtodealwithseveral levels of organization of knowledge among which microstructure is central to the subject.Theunderstandingandapplicationoftherelationshipsbetweenprocessing (orsynthesis),composition,microstructure,propertiesandperformancedistinguish metallurgyfromotherbranchesofscienceandengineering.AsRobertCahnwrote, “materialssciencehasemergedbytheprocessofintegrationratherthanbysplitting oflargerdisciplinesbut,inpractice,doublesupasamulti-discipline.” The role of other disciplines in shaping metallurgy cannot be overemphasized. Forexample,metalextraction,thermodynamics,transportphenomenaandcorrosion areintertwinedwithchemicalengineeringandchemistry.Manufacturingengineering grewoutofthesynergybetweenmechanicalandmetallurgicalengineering.Thefield offunctionalmaterialsanddevicesstandsonthefoundationofphysics,electronics and instrumentation. Computer science provides the tool to practically implement IntegratedComputationMaterialsEngineering.Likewise,statisticsanddatascience are the essential ingredients of the materials genome initiative which promises to reducematerialsdevelopmentcyclefromaround20yearstoaslowasfiveyears.In future,materialsengineersmayneedtobeevenmoreinclusiveinthedevelopment of smart and novel materials and related devices if these are to be produced at economicallycompetitiveprices. Anotherwaytolookatmaterials,asProf.P.RamaRaooncesaid,istodealwith “materialsasasystem,”whereskillsandknowledgeacrosshierarchiesareintegrated tomeetsystemobjectives.Thematerialsengineermay,therefore,assumetheroles ofdesign,integrationofknowledgeandtesting,todeliverproductstothespecified properties. ix x Foreword Finally,thepracticingmetallurgistneedstodeveloptheskilloflookingatindus- trialproblemsbeyondthetraditionalboundariesofknowledgeandspecializations; otherwise,metallurgywillremainonlyasanacademicsubject. Iamhappytoseethatyoungacademicsofourcountrydecidedtocometogether andprepareavolumeonthesubjectofmetallurgy,materialsandmanufacturing.For thesearetheleadersoftomorrow,andtheirperspectivesonthesubjectmatterwith regardtothefutureofthematerialsdiscipline. AmolA.Gokhale FormerPresident IndianInstituteofMetals Professor IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay Mumbai,India