New Directions in Atomic Physics PDF
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New Directions in Atomic Physics PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES Series Editors s P. G. Burke, The Queen University of Belfast, Northern Ireland H. KIeinpoppen, Atomic Physics Laboratory, University of Stirling, Scotland Editorial Advisory Board R. B. Bernstein (New York, U.S.A.) W. E. Lamb, Jr. (Tucson, U.S.A.) J. C. Coben-Tannoudji (Paris, France) P.-O. Liiwdin (Gainesville, U.S.A.) R. W. Crompton (Canberra, Australia) H. O. Lutz (Bielefeld, Gennany) Y. N. Demkov (St. Petersburg, Russia) M. C. Standage (Brisbane, Australia) C. J. Joacbain (Brussels, Belgium) K. Takayanagi (Tokyo, Japan) Recent volumes in this series: COINCIDENCE STUDIES OF ELECTRON AND PHOTON IMPACT IONIZATION Edited by Colm T. Whelan and H. R. J. Walters DENSITY MATRIX THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, SECOND EDITION Karl Blum IMPACT SPECTROPOLARIMETRlC SENSING S. A. Kazantsev, A. G. Petrashen, and N. M. Firstova INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF X-RAY AND ELECTRONIC SPECTRA OF FREE ATOMS Roman Karazjia NEW DIRECTIONS IN ATOMIC PHYSICS Edited by Colm T. Whelan, R. M. Dreizler, J. H. Macek, and H. R. J. Walters PHOTON AND ELECTRON COLLISION WITH ATOMS AND MOLECULES Edited by Philip G. Burke and Charles J. Joachain POLARIZED ELECTRONIPOLARIZED PHOTON PHYSICS Edited by H. Kleinpoppen and W. R. Newell PRACTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF HIGH-FREQUENCY DISCHARGES Sergei A. Kazantsev, Vyacheslav I. Khutorshchikov, Giinter H. Guthohrlein, and Laurentius Windholz SELECTED TOPICS ON ELECTRON PHYSICS Edited by D. Murray Campbell and Rims Kleinpoppen VUV AND SOFT-X-RAY PHOTOIONIZATION Edited by Uwe Becker and David A. Shirley A Chronological Listing of Volumes in this series appears at the back of this volume. A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. FQf further information please contact the publisher. New Directions in Atomic Physics Edited by Colm T. Whelan University of Cambridge Cambridge, England R. M. Dreizler University of Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt, Germany J. H. Macek University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee and H. R. J. Walters s The Queen University of Belfast Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data New dlrectlons In atomic phySlcs I edlted by Calm T. Whelan ... [et al. l. p. cm. -- <Physics of atams and maleculesl Inc 1 udes b 1 b 1 i agraph 1 ca 1 references and index. ISBN 978-14613-7139-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-4721-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4721-1 1. Atoms Cangresses. 2. Physics Congresses. I. Whelan, Calm T. II. Ser Ies. OC170.N49 1999 539.7--dc21 99-39536 CIP Proceedings of an International Conference on New Directions in Atomic Physics, held July 8-11, 1998, in Cambridge, England ISBN 978-1-4613-7139-7 ©1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York Origina11y published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint of ilie hardcover 1s t edition 1999 AII rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or oilierwise, wiiliout written pennission from ilie Publisher PREFACE The last few years have seen some remarkable advances in the understanding of atomic phenomena. It is now possible to isolate atomic systems in traps, measure in coincidence the fragments of collision processes, routinely produce, and study multicharged ions. One can look at bulk matter in such a way that the fundamental atomic character is clearly evident and work has begun to tease out the properties of anti matter. The papers in this book reflect many aspects of modem Atomic Physics. They correspond to the invited talks at a conference dedicated to the study of "New Directions in Atomic Physics," which took place in Magdalene College, Cambridge in July of 1998. The meeting was designed as a way of taking stock of what has been achieved and, it was hoped, as a means of stimulating new research in new areas, along new lines. Consequently, an effort was made to touch on as many directions as we could in the four days of the meeting. We included some talks which overviewed whole subfields, as well as quite a large number of research contributions. There is a unity to Physics and we tried to avoid any artificial division between theory and experiment. We had roughly the same number of talks from those who are primarily concerned with making measurements, and from those who spend their lives trying to develop the theory to describe the experiments. These were an exciting few days! The SOCRATES programme of the European Union supported the meeting and we received considerable administrative assistance from Mr. Matthew Moss of Cambridge University. Special thanks are due to Jens Rasch and David Essex who took on a large part of the local organization. Colm T. Whelan Magdalene College & Department ofA pplied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge v CONTENTS Collective Resonances in Metallic Clusters ...... .... .... .... ...... ........... ... ....... ..... .... .... 1 J .-P. Connerade Recent Advances in Electron-Electron Coincidence Experiments ........................ 17 G. Stefani Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy Momentum Space Images of Atomic Reactions . '" ... ... ....... ....... ....... .... .... .... ...... ..... ......... ... .......... .... .......... ..... 33 R. Dorner, T. Weber, Kh. Khayyat, V. Mergel, H. Brauning, M. Achler, O. Jagutzki, L. Speilberger, J. Ullrich, R. Moshammer, W. Schmitt, R. E. Olson, C. Woods, and H. Schmidt-Bocking A Brief Report on Density Functional Theory. .................. ,. .... ...... ... ...... ....... .... ... 47 R. M. Dreizler Ion-Atom Collisions.............................................................................................. 59 J. H. Macek Superfluidity and Feshbach Resonances in BEC.. .... ............. ...... ....... ...... ..... ... ..... 71 Robin Cote, Eddy Timmermans, and Paolo Tommasini (e,2e) Processes..................................................................................................... 87 Colm T. Whelan Positrons, Positronium and Anti-Hydrogen .......................................................... 105 H. R. J. Walters Ionization in Time-Dependent Processes: Proton-Hydrogen Collisions ............... 125 S. Yu. Ovchinnikov Magnetic Atom Optics...... ... ....... ... .... ... .... ....... ........... ....... ..... ..... ......... .... ... ..... ... 131 E. A. Hinds Optics and Interferometry with Atoms and Molecules ......................................... 143 Jorg Schmiedmayer Negative Ion Resonances in Surface Dynamics: New Results and Applications............................................................... 153 Lidija Siller and Richard E. Palmer Atomic Collisions with Antiparticles .................................................................... 167 H. Knudsen vii Electron Impact Ionization of Helium[ (e,2e) & (e,3e)] Investigated with Cold Target Recoil-Ion Momentum Spectroscopy. ................................. 179 E. Ertiirk, L. Spielberger, M. AchIer, L. Schmidt, R. Dorner, Th. Weber, O. Jagutzki, V. Mergel, Kh. Khayyat, A. Lahmam-Bennani, and H. Schmidt-Bocking Near Threshold Electron Impact Ionization of Neon and Argon.............. ..... ...... 185 Bruno Rouvellou, Stephane Rioual, and Amedee Pochat The Role of Compound States in the Continuwn Emission from Moderately Ionized Rare-Earth Plasmas. .............................................. 191 Cormac McGuinness and Nicola Murphy (e,3e) Double Ionizatiolli Comparative Results for He, Ne and Ar ..................... 197 Azzedine Lahmam-Bennani, and Alain Duguet Double Ionization of Helium by Fast Electron Impact ..... ... ... .... ........... .......... ... 203 A. Dorn, R. Moshammer, C. D. Schroter, T. J. M. Zouros, W. Schmitt, H. Kollmus, R. Mann and J. Ullrich Hollow Atoms and Interactions of Highly Charged Ions with Surfaces. ............. 209 Gianni Giardino Electron Scattering by Diatomic Molecules Adsorbed on Surfaces ........ ...... ...... 217 K. Higgins and P. G. Burke Ionization Ion-Atom Collisions: Recoil-Ion Momentum Spectroscopy and Ejected Electron Spectroscopy.... .... .... ..... ....... .... .... ........ .... .......... 223 S. F. C. O'Rourke, W. Schmitt, R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, B. S. Nesbitt, and D. S. F. Crothers Time Reversal Violation in the YbF Molecule... ... ......... ....... ... ..... ........ .... ...... .... 233 B. E. Sauer, S. B. Cahn, G. D. Redgrave, and E. A. Hinds Thomas Process and Wave Function Imaging in p-He Transfer Ionization Investigated by COLTRIMS.................................................................. 239 V. Mergel, R. Dorner, M. AchIer, Kh. Khayyat, O. Jagutzki, L. Spielberger, A. Salin, C. J. Wood, R. E. Olson, Dz. Belkic, C. L. Cocke, J .. H McGuire, and H. Schmidt-BOcking Positron and Positronium Collisions... .... ... .............. ... ....... ................ .................. 245 Gaetana Laricchia Autoionizing 3s3p6np Resonances along the Argon-Like Sequence ....................... 251 Paul van Kampen viii Collisionless Modes of a Trapped Bose Gas........................................................ 257 M. J. Bijlsma and H. T. C. Stoof (e,2e) Measurements on Lithium with Spin-Polarized Beams of Electrons and Atoms.. ...... ... ....... ... ..... ... ..... ... .... ... ........ .... ........... ..... 263 M. StrelID and G. Baum Photoabsorption of Positive Ions........................................................................ 269 Gerard O'Sullivan Electron Spectroscopy as a Tool for Environmental Science.......... .... ... ....... ....... 275 N. J. Mason and J. M. Gingell Atomic Physics on High-Performance (Parallel) Computers ............................. 281 R. J. Allan The R Matrix-Floquet Theory of Multiphoton Processes.................................. 291 D. H. Glass, J. Colgan, and P. G. Burke Soft X-Ray Narrowband Continuum Emission from Laser Produced Plasmas . .... ..... .... ... ... .... ... .... .... ... ..... ....... ..... ........ .................. ............. 297 Padraig A. Dunne On the Use of the (e,2e) Technique as a Surface Probe...... .... ........................... 301 D. W. Essex and Colm T. Whelan Electron Pair Emission from Solids and Clean Surfaces upon Electron and Photon Impact..... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... ..... ...... .... .... ...... ....................... 309 J. Berakdar Some Remarks on the Scattering of Electrons from a Metallic Surface ............ 315 D. W. Essex and Colm T. Whelan Triple Differential Cross Sections for the Electron Impact Ionization of Helium, Neon and Argon from 0.1 to 1keV. Theory and Experiment Compared..................................................... 319 A. A. Pinkas, M. A. Coplan, J. H. Moore, S. Jones, D. H. Madison, J. Rasch, Colm T. Whelan, R. J. Allan, and H. R. J. Walters Bose-Einstein Condensates in Spatially Periodic Potentials. ..... ............. ........... 333 Kirstine Berg-Sflirensen and Klaus Mflilmer An Atom Interferometer as a Thermometer........... ..... ........ .... ...... ......... ... ... ..... 339 M. K. Oberthaler, C. L. Webb, R. M. GodlID, P. D. Featonby, G. S. Summy, C. J.Foot, andK. Burnett ix Characteristics of Low Energy (e,2e) Processes. ... ....... .......... ..... ....... ......... ..... .... 345 J. Rasch and Colm T. Whelan New Results for Double Excitation Processes with Helium Targets.................... 355 Pascale J. Marchalant, J. Rasch, Colm T. Whelan, and H. R. J. Walters Anisotropic Expansion of Finite Temperature Bose Gases Emergence of Interaction Effects Between Condensed and Non-Condensed Atoms. ... .... ... ... ......... .... .... .... ... ... ... ...... ............. .... 363 Chien Liu, B. D. Busch, Zachary Dutton, and Lene Vestergaard Hau Index. ................................................................................................................... 369 x COLLECTIVE RESONANCES IN METALLIC CLUSTERS Jean-Patrick Connerade Physics Department Imperial College London SW72BZ INTRODUCTION A cluster is a group of atoms held together by forces which do not saturate, by which one means that one can always add one more atom to a cluster without altering its basic properties. This feature is called stackability [1]. The implication of stackability is that valence is not truly relevant for clusters and this is one of the basic differences between atomic clusters and molecules. Molecular bonds are often directional, and molecular valence considerably restricts the combinations of atoms which can be assembled. Thus, it is not usually possible for the atoms in a molecule to be completely stackable, although some molecules come much closer than others to satisfYing this requirement. In what follows, I will take the view that stackability is the defining property of clusters, and provides an angle from which most of their physics should be viewed. The first and most obvious consequence of stackability is that clusters have no intrinsic maximum size. A cluster can contain ten, one hundred or ten thousand atoms. A cluster can be thought of as a piece of a solid [2]. Thus, clusters bridge the gap between the free atom limit and condensed matter. They provide a tangible realisation of textbook models of condensed matter, in which a solid is created simply by piling atoms on top of each other. By varying the number of atoms, one can in principle track the evolution of any physical property from the atomic to the solid-state limit. This is the conventional justification for much of cluster science. By changing the number of atoms in a cluster from a very small number Gust a few) to a very large number (tens of thousands or more), one can look-for the birth of solid state properties. In reality, there is no single transition from the atom to the solid: there are perhaps as many as distinct properties one can study. Thus, this scenario is more complex than appears at first, but it does emerge in all discussions about atomic clusters as one of the most interesting features of the subject. Amongst the hidden difficulties, there are both practical problems and issues of principle. A practical problem is that one needs to mass-select the cluster sample, so that it only contains clusters of one given size. This is not easy. In practice, it means that the sample will be very dilute, and that experiments become difficult to perform because of low signal levels. Also, complete mass separation becomes more difficult to achieve as the size of the clusters increases. An issue of principle is, as already noted, that the transition from the free to the solid state limit is not uniaue. The results are alwavs interesting. but one New Directions in Atomic Physics Edited by Whelan et ai., Kluwer Academic I Plenum Publishers. New York. 1999.
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