New Developments in Marine Biotechnology PDF
Preview New Developments in Marine Biotechnology
New Developments in Marine Biotechnology New Developments in Marine Biotechnology Edited by Y. LeGal National Museum of Natural History and College of France Concarneau, France and H. 0. Halvorson University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts With the editorial assistance of Anne-Marie Lambert Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data New developments 1n mar1ne biotechnology ' ed1ted by Y. LeGal and H.O. Halvorson. p. em. "Proceedings of the 4th International Mar1ne B1otechnology Conference. held September 22-29. 1997, 1n Sorrento. Paestum, Oranto, and Pugnochtuso. Italy''--T.p. verso. Includes bib11ographical references anc. 1ndex. ISBN 978-1-4419-3300-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-5983-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5983-9 1. Marin~ flshes--Molecular aspects--Congresses. 2. Mar1ne biotechnology--Congresses. 3. Fishery resources--Management -Congresses. I. LeGal, Yves. II. Halvorson. Harlyn D. III. Internat1onal Marine Biotechnology Conference 14th 1997 Sorrento, Italy, etc.) OL620.N49 1998 572.8'1177--dc21 98-24800 CIP Proceedings of the 4th International Marine Biotechnology Conference, held September 22-29, 1997, in Sorrento, Paestum, Otranto, and Pugnochiuso, Italy ISBN 978-1-4419-3300-3 © 1998 Springer Science+ Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 http://www.plenum.com 10987654321 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE Past efforts to colonize the environment and domesticate living species, coupled with scientific research, have resulted in the possession (but not always the real control) by humans of any available terrestrial space. However, oceans, which represent up to two thirds of the surface of the planet, had not been really approached until the middle of this century. As oceanographic science develops, the picture of a rich, diverse, complex and also, in many respects, specific marine life, is coming into view. In a broad sense, marine biotechnologies can be understood as the various means or techniques of managing marine living systems for the benefit of mankind. The first goal we have is for marine life to provide biomass for food. However, today it is not certain that a significant increase of total world fisheries' catches will be possible in the future. There are several ways to address this. First, we need to generate better, more complete, or different uses of the biomass actually fished. This is mainly a matter of upgrading fish and fish wastes. Second, we need to artificially grow the living species. This falls within the scope of cell cultivation and of aquaculture. Both approaches have to be appreciated si multaneously in terms of biology, ecology, and economy. In both approaches, profit improvements are linked to the introduction of biotechnological methods and to the use of biotechnological processes. The main characteristics of fished biomasses is that they still exist and are readily available. They can be considered a huge reservoir of molecules: polysaccharides, en zymes, fats, etc., exhibiting physical, chemical, or biological activities of interest for vari ous purposes. The main problem (and it is not a minor one), in terms of techniques and cost, is to isolate and purify these molecules. The second issue in biomass treatment is mass cultivation of marine organisms. It is now clear that trying to reproduce biomass in tensively and artificially cannot easily yield profits, unless we use a series of biotech nological tricks that will permit a drastic lowering of the costs. During the last l 0 years, another important problem has emerged. This is the spreading of pathogenic organisms in overcrowded sea farms. Within a short period of time, sea farms could be almost com pletly destroyed by marine viruses, microorganisms, or parasites about which we have lit tle information. Solutions to these problems represent real strategic tasks for the marine biotechnolo gists requiring basic research in developmental biology, genetics, gene enginering, endo crinology, pathology, and immunology of species as different as flatfish, salmon, shrimps, abalone, among others. Biodiversity is largely a reflection of the very specific aspects of marine life. An early trend consisted of limiting the scope of marine biotechnologies to the production of v vi Preface biological models that facilitate the study of general mechanisms. These studies feed our knowledge and understanding of life that is built on an unique pattern. In contrast, they also favor the exploitation of structural, developmental, and biochemical specificities. Marine biotechnologies reveal their genuine potential in offering the investigation and ex ploitation of molecules and mechanisms for which we do not know of any terrestrial coun terparts. Marine biotechnology is by nature multidisciplinary and clearly incorporates new technologies from molecular biology and chemical analysis to bioreactor technology. Marine biotechnologies also deal with environmental management. The first step in any kind of management involves a diagnosis of the condition of a systems. The past dec ade has been marked by considerable progress in using rapid and sensitive methods for estimating biological responses to human-induced changes in the environment. Many of these methods now use molecular probes, nucleic acids, immunoreagents, or enzymatic biosensors that allow us to record efficiently a considerable number of data. A main prob lem is how to handle this huge quantity of information, to use it, and to forecast the evolu tionary trends of an estuary, a bay, a sea, or an ocean. Finally, one of the most promising goals for marine biotechnologies will be the pos sibility of using sophisticated biological tools for managing marine ecosystems. Control ling natural production of useful species will be less costly than trying to rear completely demanding species. Understanding the tenuousness of the relationship between planktonic species and their environment will perhaps give us an insight on climatic changes and on the biological future of the planet. The domains covered by marine biotechnologies are vast and range over various overlapping disciplines, from the molecular approaches of developmental biology and bio diversity to the chemistry of natural substances. New fields are rapidly evolving and are helping to successively emphasize specific areas of biological sciences. With its biphasic unfolding, the format of the fourth edition of International Marine Biotechnology Conference (IMBC'97) was original and successful, as it enabled the pres entation of straightforward reports and constructive discussions. With more than sixty selected papers organized in eight sections, this book covers the present state of the art in marine biotechnologies. HHand YLG TRIBUTE TO NINO SALVATORE The International Marine Biotechnology Conferences represent an assembly of inter disciplinary scientists and technologists with a common interest in Marine Science. Nino Salvatore was one of these. He joined the IOC to plan for IMBC'94 in Tromsoe, Norway and quickly demonstrated that he was one of those rare individuals in the scientific commu nity who made an almost instantaneous impression on any person fortunate enough to be acquainted with him. His high standards and enthusiasm were widely felt-from the revital izing of the Stazione Zoologica in Naples, to science policy in the EU, to support for biotechnology, developmental biology, and molecular biology. Prof. Salvatore was a strong enthusiast for basic research and its application to solving problems of the day. During the IMBC'94 meeting, the lack of an European organization to deal with in ternational and European collaboration became evident. Characteristically, Nino Salvatore saw the need to establish such an organization. He organized an ad hoc meeting and a decision was made to go ahead. The European Society for Marine Biotechnology was formed, and its first President, Dr. Jan Olafsen, is a member of IOC and was our host in Tromsoe for 1MBC'94. When the decision was made to hold IMBC'97 in Italy, Dr. Salvatore applied his en ergy and enthusiam to its organization, financial support, and his wish to do something different. An international program committee, chaired by Dr. Frank Gannon, developed a program based on peer review of submitted abstracts. The mobility of the meeting is an expression of Nino Salvatore's desire to have as many people and scenarios involved as possible because of the diverse subject areas that need to be covered in biotechnology. If people cannot come to the conference, the conference will visit them. He also had in mind to permit as many of his countrymen to participate as possible while at the same time broadening the picture of the scope of this interdisciplinary subject area in Italy in the minds of foreign conference participants. Science has lost a visionary person with a remarkable character. Individuals do make a difference and Prof. Salvatore. He will be missed. The IMBC'97 is dedicated to him. We seek your help in making this meeting a success and thereby honoring Gaetano Salvatore. Harlyn 0. Halvorson vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS High Patronage of the President of the Italian Republic Under the aegis of the European Union Under the auspices of Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri Ministero dell 'Universita e Della Ric ere a Scientifica e Tecnologica Ministero dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche Regione Campania Regione Puglia Amministrazione Provinciale di Napoli Amministrazione Provinciale di Salerno Amministrazione Provinciale di Foggia Comune di Sorrento Comune di Capaccio/Paestum Comune di Otranto Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Seconda Universita di Napoli Universita degli Studi di Leece Unione degli Industriali della Provincia di Napoli With the support of American Society for Microbiology Biotechnology Center of Excellence Corp, USA Department of Energy, USA Massachusetts Foundation for Excellence in Marine and Polymer Science National Science Foundation, USA National Institutes of Health, USA Office of Ocean and Atmospheric Research Policy Center for Marine Biosciences and Technology, USA Society for Industrial Microbiology, USA United States Department of Agriculture ix X Acknowledgments With the contribution of' Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato E Agricoltura, Leece Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato E Agricoltura, Foggia Ente Provinciale per il Turismo, Leece CONTENTS I. Biotechnology: Biology or Technology? Keynote Lecture Arthur Kornberg Section 1: Molecular Biology and Transgenic Animals 2. The Paradox of Growth Acceleration in Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Jose de la Fuente, Isabel Guillen, and Mario P. Estrada 3. Gene Transfer in Zebrafish Enhanced by Nuclear Localization Signals . . . . . . . . II Philippe Collas and Peter Alestrom 4. Gene Transfer in Red Sea Bream (Pagrosomus major) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Peijun Zhang, Yongli Xu, Zongzhu Liu, Yuan Xiang, Shaojun Du, and ChoyL. Hew 5. Production of Lines of Growth Enhanced Transgenic Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Expressing a Novel Piscine Growth Hormone Gene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Azirur Rahman and Norman Maclean 6. Retention of a Foreign Gene Transferred as a Protamine-DNA Complex by Electroporated Salmon Sperm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 F. Y. T. Sin, J. G. I. Khoo, U.K. Mukherjee, and I. L. Sin Section 2: Natural Products and Processes 7. A Novel Antioxidant Derived from Seaweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 W. C. Dunlap, K. Masaki, Y. Yamamoto, R. M. Larsen, and I. Karube 8. Unusual Marine Sterols May Protect Cellular Membranes against Action of Some Marine Toxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Tatiana N. Makarieva, Valentine A. Stonik, Ludmila P. Ponomarenko, and Dmitry L. Aminin xi
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