new catholic encyclopedia

916 Pages·2007·14.94 MB·English

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NEW
CATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA
NCE htp/tpv 6 6/6/02 8:43 AM Page 3
NEW
CATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA
SECOND EDITION
6
Fri–Hoh
in association with
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA • WASHINGTON, D.C.
The New Catholic Encyclopedia, Second Edition
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New Catholic encyclopedia.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-7876-4004-2
1. Catholic Church—Encyclopedias. I. Catholic University of America.
BX841 .N44 2002
282’ .03—dc21
2002000924
ISBN: 0-7876-4004-2 (set) 0-7876-4009-3 (v. 5) 0-7876-4014-x (v. 10)
0-7876-4005-0 (v. 1) 0-7876-4010-7 (v. 6) 0-7876-4015-8 (v. 11)
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0-7876-4007-7 (v. 3) 0-7876-4012-3 (v. 8) 0-7876-4017-4 (v. 13)
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0-7876-4019-0 (v. 15)
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For The Catholic University of America
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EDITORIAL STAFF
Executive Editor
Berard L. Marthaler, O.F.M.Conv., S.T.D., Ph.D.
Associate Editor
Gregory F. LaNave, Ph.D.
Assistant Editors
Jonathan Y. Tan, Ph.D.
Richard E. McCarron, Ph.D.
Editorial Assistant
Denis J. Obermeyer
Directorof The Catholic University of
America Press
David J. McGonagle, Ph.D.
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
John Borelli, Ph.D., Associate Director of Dennis M. Doyle, Ph.D., Associate
Secretariat for Ecumenical and Interreligious Professor of Religious Studies, University of
Affairs, United States Conference of
Dayton, Dayton, Ohio
Catholic Bishops, Washington, D.C.
Angelyn Dries, O.S.F., Ph.D., Associate
Drew Christiansen, S.J., Ph.D., Senior
Professor of Religious Studies, Cardinal
Fellow, Woodstock Theological Center,
Washington, D.C. Stritch University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Anne M. Clifford, C.S.J., Ph.D., Associate Arthur Espelage, O.F.M., J.C.D., Executive
Professor of Theology, Duquesne Coordinator, Canon Law Society of
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
America, Washington, D.C.
Raymond F. Collins, M.A., S.T.D.,
Eugene J. Fisher, Ph.D., Associate Director
Professor of New Testament, The Catholic
of Secretariat for Ecumenical and
University of America, Washington, D.C.
Interreligious Affairs, United States
Cyprian Davis, O.S.B., S.T.L., Ph.D.,
Conference of Catholic Bishops,
Professor of Church History, Saint Meinrad
Washington, D.C.
School of Theology, Saint Meinrad, Indiana
Edward J. Furton, Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief, Rose M. McDermott, S.S.J., J.C.D.,
The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, Associate Professor of Canon Law, The
Brighton, Massachusetts Catholic University of America,
Washington, D.C.
James F. Garneau, Ph.D., Academic Dean,
The Pontifical College Josephinum, R. Bruce Miller, M.S.L.S., Head,
Columbus, Ohio Theology/Philosophy, Canon Law Libraries,
The Catholic University of America,
J. A. Wayne Hellmann, O.F.M.Conv., Dr.
Washington, D.C.
Theol., Professor of Theological Studies, St.
Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri Francis J. Moloney, S.D.B., S.T.L., S.S.L.,
D.Phil., Professor of Biblical Studies, The
Joseph T. Kelley, Ph.D., D.Min., Director of
Catholic University of America,
the Center for Augustinian Study,
Washington, D.C.
Merrimack College, North Andover,
Massachusetts Katherine I. Rabenstein, B.S.F.S., Senior
Credentialing Specialist, American Nurses
Judith M. Kubicki, C.S.S.F., Ph.D.,
Association, Washington, D.C.
Assistant Professor of Theology, Fordham
University, Bronx, New York Joel Rippinger, O.S.B., M.A., S.T.L.,
Subprior, Marmion Abbey, Aurora, Illinois
William P. Loewe, Ph.D., Associate
Professor of Religion and Religious
Education, The Catholic University of
America, Washington, D.C.
Foreword
This revised edition of the New Catholic works of this kind to receive an imprimaturbefore pub-
Encyclopediarepresents a third generation in the evolu- lication, I am confident that this new edition, like the
tion of the text that traces its lineage back to the Catholic original, reports accurate information about Catholic
Encyclopedia published from 1907 to 1912. In 1967, beliefs and practices. The editorial staff and their con-
sixty years after the first volume of the original set sultants were careful to present official Church teachings
appeared, The Catholic University of America and the in a straightforward manner, and in areas where there are
McGraw-Hill Book Company joined together in organ- legitimate disputes over fact and differences in interpre-
izing a small army of editors and scholars to produce the tation of events, they made every effort to insure a fair
New Catholic Encyclopedia.Although planning for the and balanced presentation of the issues.
NCE had begun before the Second Vatican Council and
The way for this revised edition was prepared by the
most of the 17,000 entries were written before Council
publication, in 2000, of a Jubilee volume of the NCE,
ended, Vatican II enhanced the encyclopedia’s value and
importance. The research and the scholarship that went heralding the beginning of the new millennium. In my
into the articles witnessed to the continuity and richness foreword to that volume I quoted Pope John Paul II’s
of the Catholic Tradition given fresh expression by encyclical on Faith and Human Reason in which he
Council. In order to keep the NCE current, supplemen- wrote that history is “the arena where we see what God
tary volumes were published in 1972, 1978, 1988, and does for humanity.” The New Catholic Encyclopedia
1995. Now, at the beginning of the third millennium, The describes that arena. It reports events, people, and
Catholic University of America is proud to join with The ideas—“the things we know best and can verify most
Gale Group in presenting a new edition of the New easily, the things of our everyday life, apart from which
Catholic Encyclopedia. It updates and incorporates the we cannot understand ourselves” (Fides et ratio,12).
many articles from the 1967 edition and its supplements
Finally, I want to express appreciation on my own
that have stood the test of time and adds hundreds of new
behalf and on the behalf of the readers of these volumes
entries.
to everyone who helped make this revision a reality. We
As the president of The Catholic University of are all indebted to The Gale Group and the staff of The
America, I cannot but be pleased at the reception the Catholic University of America Press for their dedication
NCE has received. It has come to be recognized as an and the alacrity with which they produced it.
authoritative reference work in the field of religious
studies and is praised for its comprehensive coverage of Very Reverend David M. O’Connell, C.M., J.C.D.
the Church’s history and institutions. Although Canon President
Law no longer requires encyclopedias and reference The Catholic University of America
NEW CATHOLIC ENCYLOPEDIA vii
Preface to the Revised Edition
When first published in 1967 the New Catholic exploring its roots in ancient Israel and Judaism, nor can
Encyclopediawas greeted with enthusiasm by librarians, the history of the medieval and modern Church be
researchers, and general readers interested in understood apart from its relationship with Islam. Inter-
Catholicism. In the United States the NCEhas been rec- faith dialogue requires an appreciation of Buddhism and
ognized as the standard reference work on matters of other world religions, as well as some knowledge of the
special interest to Catholics. In an effort to keep the history of religion in general.
encyclopedia current, supplementary volumes were pub-
On the assumption that most readers and researchers
lished in 1972, 1978, 1988, and 1995. However, it
who use the NCE are individuals interested in
became increasingly apparent that further supplements
Catholicism in general and the Church in North America
would not be adequate to this task. The publishers sub-
in particular, its editorial content gives priority to the
sequently decided to undertake a thorough revision of
Western Church, while not neglecting the churches in the
the NCE,beginning with the publication of a Jubilee vol-
East; to Roman Catholicism, acknowledging much com-
ume at the start of the new millennium.
mon history with Protestantism; and to Catholicism in
Like the biblical scribe who brings from his store- the United States, recognizing that it represents only a
room of knowledge both the new and the old, this small part of the universal Church.
revised edition of the New Catholic Encyclopediaincor-
Scripture, Theology, Patrology, Liturgy. The
porates material from the 15-volume original edition and
many and varied articles dealing with Sacred Scripture
the supplement volumes. Entries that have withstood the
and specific books of the Bible reflect contemporary bib-
test of time have been edited, and some have been
lical scholarship and its concerns. The NCE highlights
amended to include the latest information and research.
official church teachings as expressed by the Church’s
Hundreds of new entries have been added. For all prac-
magisterium. It reports developments in theology,
tical purposes, it is an entirely new edition intended to
explains issues and introduces ecclesiastical writers from
serve as a comprehensive and authoritative work of ref-
the early Church Fathers to present-day theologians
erence reporting on the movements and interests that
whose works exercise major influence on the develop-
have shaped Christianity in general and Catholicism in
ment of Christian thought. The NCEtraces the evolution
particular over two millennia.
of the Church’s worship with special emphasis on rites
SCOPE and rituals consequent to the liturgical reforms and
renewal initiated by the Second Vatican Council.
The title reflects its outlook and breadth. It is the
New Catholic Encyclopedia,not merely a new encyclo- Church History. From its inception Christianity
pedia of Catholicism. In addition to providing informa- has been shaped by historical circumstances and itself
tion on the doctrine, organization, and history of has become a historical force. The NCE presents the
Christianity over the centuries, it includes information Church’s history from a number of points of view
about persons, institutions, cultural phenomena, reli- against the background of general political and cultural
gions, philosophies, and social movements that have history. The revised edition reports in some detail the
affected the Catholic Church from within and without. Church’s missionary activity as it grew from a small
Accordingly, the NCEattends to the history and particu- community in Jerusalem to the worldwide phenomenon
lar traditions of the Eastern Churches and the Churches it is today. Some entries, such as those dealing with the
of the Protestant Reformation, and other ecclesial com- Middle Ages, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment,
munities. Christianity cannot be understood without focus on major time-periods and movements that cut
NEW CATHOLIC ENCYLOPEDIA ix
PREFACE
across geographical boundaries. Other articles describe provides biographical information about recently canon-
the history and structure of the Church in specific areas, ized and beatified individuals who are, for one reason or
countries, and regions. There are separate entries for another, of special interest to the English-speaking
many dioceses and monasteries which by reason of world.
antiquity, size, or influence are of special importance in
Social Sciences. Social sciences came into their
ecclesiastical history, as there are for religious orders and
own in the twentieth century. Many articles in the NCE
congregations. The NCE rounds out its comprehensive
rely on data drawn from anthropology, economics, psy-
history of the Church with articles on religious move-
chology and sociology for a better understanding of reli-
ments and biographies of individuals.
gious structures and behaviors. Papal encyclicals and
Canon and Civil Law. The Church inherited and pastoral letters of episcopal conferences are the source of
has safeguarded the precious legacy of ancient Rome, principles and norms for Christian attitudes and practice
described by Virgil, “to rule people under law, [and] to in the field of social action and legislation. The NCE
establish the way of peace.” The NCE deals with issues draws attention to the Church’s organized activities in
of ecclesiastical jurisprudence and outlines the develop- pursuit of peace and justice, social welfare and human
ment of legislation governing communal practices and rights. The growth of the role of the laity in the work of
individual obligations, taking care to incorporate and the Church also receives thorough coverage.
reference the 1983 Code of Canon Lawthroughout and,
where appropriate, the Code of Canons for the Eastern ARRANGEMENT OFENTRIES
Churches. It deals with issues of Church-State relations
The articles in the NCEare arranged alphabetically
and with civil law as it impacts on the Church and
by the first substantive word using the word-by-word
Church’s teaching regarding human rights and freedoms.
method of alphabetization; thus “New Zealand” pre-
Philosophy. The Catholic tradition from its earliest cedes “Newman, John Henry,” and “Old Testament
years has investigated the relationship between faith and Literature” precedes “Oldcastle, Sir John.” Monarchs,
reason. The NCEconsiders at some length the many and patriarchs, popes, and others who share a Christian name
varied schools of ancient, medieval, and modern philos- and are differentiated by a title and numerical designa-
ophy with emphasis, when appropriate, on their relation- tion are alphabetized by their title and then arranged
ship to theological positions. It pays particular attention numerically. Thus, entries for Byzantine emperors Leo I
to the scholastic tradition, particularly Thomism, which through IV precede those for popes of the same name,
is prominent in Catholic intellectual history. Articles on while “Henry VIII, King of England” precedes “Henry
many major and lesser philosophers contribute to a com- IV, King of France.”
prehensive survey of philosophy from pre-Christian
Maps, Charts, and Illustrations. The New
times to the present.
Catholic Encyclopedia contains nearly 3,000 illustra-
Biography and Hagiography. The NCE, making tions, including photographs, maps, and tables. Entries
an exception for the reigning pope, leaves to other refer- focusing on the Church in specific countries contain a
ence works biographical information about living per- map of the country as well as easy-to-read tables giving
sons. This revised edition presents biographical sketches statistical data and, where helpful, lists of archdioceses
of hundreds of men and women, Christian and non- and dioceses. Entries on the Church in U.S. states also
Christian, saints and sinners, because of their signifi- contain tables listing archdioceses and dioceses where
cance for the Church. They include: Old and New appropriate. The numerous photographs appearing in the
Testament figures; the Fathers of the Church and eccle- New Catholic Encyclopediahelp to illustrate the history
siastical writers; pagan and Christian emperors; of the Church, its role in modern societies, and the many
medieval and modern kings; heads of state and other magnificent works of art it has inspired.
political figures; heretics and champions of orthodoxy;
major and minor figures in the Reformation and Counter SPECIALFEATURES
Reformation; popes, bishops, and priests; founders and
Subject Overview Articles. For the convenience
members of religious orders and congregations; lay men
and guidance of the reader, the New Catholic
and lay women; scholars, authors, composers, and
Encyclopediacontains several brief articles outlining the
artists. The NCE includes biographies of most saints
scope of major fields: “Theology, Articles on,” “Liturgy,
whose feasts were once celebrated or are currently cele-
Articles on,” “Jesus Christ, Articles on,” etc.
brated by the universal church. The revised edition relies
on Butler’s Lives of the Saints and similar reference Cross-References. The cross-reference system in
works to give accounts of many saints, but the NCEalso the NCEserves to direct the reader to related material in
x NEW CATHOLIC ENCYLOPEDIA
PREFACE
other articles. The appearance of a name or term in small ume 15 will greatly increase the reader’s ability to access
capital letters in text indicates that there is an article of the wealth of information contained in the encyclopedia.
that title elsewhere in the encyclopedia. In some cases,
Abbreviations List. Following common practice,
the name of the related article has been inserted at the
books and versions of the Bible as well as other standard
appropriate point as a see reference: (see THOMAS
works by selected authors have been abbreviated
AQUINAS, ST.). When a further aspect of the subject is
throughout the text. Aguide to these abbreviations fol-
treated under another title, a see alsoreference is placed lows this preface.
at the end of the article. In addition to this extensive
cross-reference system, the comprehensive index in vol- The Editors
NEW CATHOLIC ENCYLOPEDIA xi
Abbreviations
The system of abbreviations used for the works of Plato, Jude Jude
Aristotle, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas is as follows: 1–2 Kgs 1 and 2 Kings (3 and 4 Kings in Septuagint and
Plato is cited by book and Stephanus number only, e.g., Phaedo Vulgate)
79B; Rep. 480A. Aristotle is cited by book and Bekker number Lam Lamentations
only, e.g., Anal. post. 72b 8–12; Anim. 430a 18. St. Augustine is
Lk Luke
cited as in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, e.g., C. acad.
Lv Leviticus
3.20.45; Conf. 13.38.53, with capitalization of the first word of
Mal Malachi (Malachias in Vulgate)
the title. St. Thomas is cited as in scholarly journals, but using
1–2 Mc 1 and 2 Maccabees
Arabic numerals. In addition, the following abbreviations have
been used throughout the encyclopedia for biblical books and Mi Micah
versions of the Bible. Mk Mark
Mt Matthew
Na Nahum
Books
Neh Nehemiah (2 Esdras in Septuagint and Vulgate)
Acts Acts of the Apostles Nm Numbers
Am Amos Ob Obadiah
Bar Baruch Phil Philippians
1–2 Chr 1 and 2 Chronicles (1 and 2 Paralipomenon in Phlm Philemon
Septuagint and Vulgate) Prv Proverbs
Col Colossians Ps Psalms
1–2 Cor 1 and 2 Corinthians 1–2 Pt 1 and 2 Peter
Dn Daniel Rom Romans
Dt Deuteronomy Ru Ruth
Eccl Ecclesiastes Rv Revelation (Apocalypse in Vulgate)
Eph Ephesians Sg Song of Songs
Est Esther Sir Sirach (Wisdom of Ben Sira; Ecclesiasticus in
Ex Exodus Septuagint and Vulgate)
Ez Ezekiel 1–2 Sm 1 and 2 Samuel (1 and 2 Kings in Septuagint and
Ezr Ezra (Esdras B in Septuagint; 1 Esdras in Vulgate) Vulgate)
Gal Galatians Tb Tobit
Gn Genesis 1–2 Thes 1 and 2 Thessalonians
Hb Habakkuk Ti Titus
Heb Hebrews 1–2 Tm 1 and 2 Timothy
Hg Haggai Wis Wisdom
Hos Hosea Zec Zechariah
Is Isaiah Zep Zephaniah
Jas James
Jb Job
Jdt Judith Versions
Jer Jeremiah Apoc Apocrypha
Jgs Judges ARV American Standard Revised Version
Jl Joel ARVm American Standard Revised Version, margin
Jn John AT American Translation
1–3 Jn 1, 2, and 3 John AV Authorized Version (King James)
Jon Jonah CCD Confraternity of Christian Doctrine
Jos Joshua DV Douay-Challoner Version
NEW CATHOLIC ENCYLOPEDIA xiii