New and reinterpreted observations on Actias luna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

2013·0.51 MB·English

by  Peigler, Richard S

Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 34 (3): 101–104 (2013) 101
New and reinterpreted observations on Actias luna (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Richard S. Peigler
Dr. Richard S. Peigler, Department of Biology, University of the Incarnate Word, 4301 Broadway, San Antonio, Texas 78209–6397 U.S.A.;
and Research Associate, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Gainesville, Florida, USA; [email protected]
Abstract: Previously unpublished observations and rei n ter- Great Lakes region. Spring specimens that overwintered
pre ta tions pertaining to Actias luna are described. These as pupae have more maroon on the outer edges of the
in clude new parasitoid records of Anastatus reduvii (Hy men-
wings than ones that did not enter diapause. Ad di tion-
optera: Eupelmidae) attacking the eggs in Texas, Co te sia
al ly, some specimens have a powdery blue band inside
schizurae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) par a-
sitizing larvae in Texas, cocoon placement above ground the maroon edges, as shown here in Figs. 1–3 and by
by spinning larvae, pupae aestivating during hot and dry Fer guson (1972: pl. 16, figs. 3–5), d’Abrera (1998), and
summers in Texas, a new hostplant record of Larix la ricina Bouseman & Sternburg (2002).
(Pinaceae) in Manitoba, wing pattern defenses, and a
molecular genetics explanation of morphological ab er ra-
tions reported from Georgia in 1975. Seasonal flight times and aestivation
In the literature, Actias luna is stated to be univoltine
Key words: Actias, Anastatus, Cotesia, Hox genes, Larix, luna
in Ca nada and the northern United States, but bivoltine
moth, pupal aestivation.
in the central and southern United States, with an ad di-
Neue Beobachtungen und Interpretationen zu Actias tio n al third brood in the Gulf States, and possibly mul-
luna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) ti vol tine in central and southern Florida (Collins &
Zusammenfassung: Bisher unpublizierte Beobachtungen Weast 1961, Ferguson 1972, Covell 1984, Laplante
und Neuinterpretationen zu Actias luna werden publiziert. 1985, Wagner 2005). In southern Texas there is cer-
Da zu gehören neue Parasitoidenberichte wie Anastatus re du-
tain ly time for four broods between the winters, but the
vii (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) an den Eiern in Texas oder
spe cies generally flies in late February or March, again
Cotesia schizurae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Mi cro gas tri-
nae) parasitierend in Raupen in Texas, weiterhin Beo b ach- in May, and then again in September and October. The
tungen zum oberirdischen Kokonbau in den Fut ter pflan zen, “mis sing” brood of July and August is apparently due to
die Über sommerung (Aestivation) der Puppen in troc ken- a pupal aestivation during the hottest and driest part of
hei ßen Sommern in Texas, ein neuer Rau pen fut ter pflan zen-
the summer. I observed this several years using stock
nach weis auf Larix laricina (Pinaceae) in Ma ni to ba, Über le-
from Tennessee and Texas. I have encountered the same
gun gen zur Feindabwehr durch das Flügelmuster so wie ei ne
genetische Erklärung für mor pho lo gi sche Ab er ra tionen, die pattern of aestivation in captive cultures of An the raea
1967 in Georgia beobachtet wurden (1975 pub liziert). polyphemus (Cramer, 1775) in southern Texas. In Ju ly,
August and September the weather is usually very hot
and dry, and exposed larvae would be less able to sur vive
Introduction
these extremes than pupae. Aestivation has ne ver been
The general public in Canada and the United States
reported, as far as I know, for Actias luna or An theraea
probably recognizes the luna moth (Actias luna (Lin-
polyphemus. If aestivation occurs in central and southern
nae us, 1758)) more than any other lepidopteran (d’Ab-
Florida, where summer rainfall is more re liable, I suspect
re ra 1998: 56). In the North American popular culture,
it to be less common.
images of this exquisite moth appear frequently in art,
na ture magazines, wall calendars, jewelry, postage In March and April of 2008 in San Antonio, I reared a
stamps, first day covers, patches, greeting cards, chil- brood of Actias luna from eggs from a female taken at
dren’s books, and so forth. Although common and wide- Pipe Creek, Bandera County, Texas. Although one male
ranging, a lot remains to be learned about the biology of emerged in early May, the other ten pupae aestivated
this insect. This paper presents several unrelated obs er- during the hot dry summer, and the remaining adults
va tions that are new or reinterpreted pertaining to this from this spring 2008 rearing did not emerge until
spe cies. February and March 2009 (Figs. 2, 3). These cocoons
were kept in an outdoor cage for almost a year, and
The shade of green on the wings is highly variable, but
were sprayed with water routinely during that time.
these colors are predictable based on sex, season, and
geo graphy. Males have white bodies tinged with yellow I reared another brood (Figs. 1, 4) in San Antonio in
and darker yellowish green wings (Fig. 1), compared to spring 2006 from eggs received from eastern Tennessee,
fe males, which have snow white bodies and lighter and and aestivation was also observed for the majority of
more bluish green wings (Fig. 2). Specimens from the those. Voucher specimens of A. luna that had a pupal
Deep South (the Carolinas, Georgia, and the states bor- aes tivation were deposited in McGuire Center for Lep i-
der ing the Gulf of Mexico) are more intensely colored doptera & Biodiversity and Texas A&M University In sect
than the paler ones from Canada, New England, and the Collection.
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
102
Parasitoids reared to maturity on Chinese sweetgum (Liquidambar
formosana Hance). A female moth emerged 12. v. 2013,
Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae. Until now, no particular pri-
and is in the collection of Stefan Naumann in Berlin.
mary parasitoids have been recorded from the eggs of
Another non-native, alternate hostplant for A. luna is
Actias luna (see Peigler 1996: 51). Although the moth
mango (Mangifera indica L.). I observed that captive
is very common in many regions, finding eggs in na
larvae of Actias luna freely accept leaves on potted
ture requires a lot of searching, so is rarely successful.
seedlings of mango, a tree that is also used by Actias
The following record is not surprising, since the same
selene (Hübner, 1806) in tropical Asia (d’Abrera 1998:
pa rasitoid has been reared from eggs of Antheraea po ly-
58).
phe mus and other Saturniidae.
Although common in central Texas as far west as Kim
Anastatus reduvii (Howard, 1880). A mass of eight eggs
ble and Uvalde counties, common hostplants of the
of A. luna was found by R. S. Peigler on the underside
South east such as sweetgum (L. styraciflua) and per sim-
of a leaf of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), near
mon (Diospyros virginiana L.) do not range that far west
Ratcliff, Houston County, Texas. The eggs were kept in a
(Correll & Johnston 1979). I found that captive larvae
plastic container, and each egg yielded a single pa ra si toid
al ways reject black persimmon (D. texana Scheele) if
on 4. x. 2003. The parasitoids were identified using the
offered this plant, which is common in central Texas, but
revision by Burks (1967), but since all of the spec i mens
quite different from D. virginiana. Populations of A. luna
of this rearing were males, the identification to spe cies-
in central and west-central Texas are therefore ost ens-
level remains tentative.
ibly restricted to Juglandaceae in their foodplants. The
Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae. Thirteen native and common pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K.
lar vae of various instars of Actias luna were collected on Koch) is undoubtedly the primary food in these regions.
sweet gum trees on 6. x. 2012 by R. S. Peigler and three Although there are no records for A. luna feed ing on
of his students along Highway 1375, Walker County, them, other hickories and walnuts probably also serve
Te xas, near Stubblefield Lake Recreation Area. One lar va as hosts. For example, Arizona walnut (Jug lans major
yielded 33 larvae of Cotesia that spun cocoons on the (Torrey) Heller) ranges eastward into the Edw ards
back of the larva, and 33 adult wasps of both sexes emer- Plateau (Correll & Johnston 1979), a region call ed “the
ged 21.–22. x. 2012. Hill Country” by all Texans. Arizona walnut is closely
related to black walnut (J. nigra L.), a favorite host of A.
The identification of this parasitoid was given tent a tive ly
luna in eastern North America.
as Cotesia schizurae (Ashmead, 1898), recorded to pa ra-
sitize Schizura (Notodontidae). I have often coll ect ed
Cocoon placement by spinning larvae
larvae of Schizura on sweetgum at that locality. Co te sia
schizurae keys very close to Cotesia hemileucae (Riley, The literature on North American saturniids is replete
1881) (S. R. Shaw, personal communication), a pa ra si toid with statements that cocoons of A. luna are spun on the
known to attack hemileucine saturniids (Peig ler 1996). ground among dead leaves, or when spun in the leaves
up in the host tree, the cocoons fall to the ground with
Voucher specimens of the Cotesia were deposited in Uni-
those leaves in the autumn (e.g., Robertson-Miller
versity of Wyoming Insect Museum, and Cotesia and
1912, Stratton-Porter 1912, Ferguson 1972, Covell
Ana status in Texas A&M University Insect Collection.
1984, Bouseman & Sternburg 2002). Collins & Weast
(1961) echoed the aforementioned comments, but add ed
Hostplants
that cocoons are sometimes found attached to the sides
A mature larva of Actias luna was collected on larch of logs. As far as I am aware, there are no reports of
(La rix laricina (du Roi) K. Koch) by Donald C. Henne in cocoons remaining up in the host tree, or being att ach ed
Manitoba in an area where the moth is quite com mon to twigs of the tree. However, on several oc ca sions I found
and normally feeds on paper birch (Betula pa py ri fe ra cocoons of A. luna attached to sweetgum twigs, about
Marsh.). Henne (personal communication) did not re call 1–1.5 m above ground, on small trees, usua l ly within a
the exact locality or year. This new record of A. lu na few cm of the main trunk. These ob ser va tions were made
feeding on a conifer is not unexpected, because others in in Savannah, Georgia; Colleton Coun ty, South Carolina;
this group are known to accept conifers, such as Graellsia and Walker County, Texas. Voucher spe cimens of these
on Pinus in Europe and several species of Ac tias in China cocoons, still attached to their twigs, were deposited in
feeding on Larix, Pinus, and Cedrus (Naumann 2006, Wu the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera & Biodiversity.
& Naumann 2006). Phylo ge ne tic al ly, Pinus is considered
closest to Larix and Cedrus with in the Pinaceae (Phillips Wing pattern defenses
& Rix 2002).
I agree with Howse & Wolfe (2011, 2012) that the eye-
One first-instar larva of Actias luna was collected 6. x. spots on the forewings of Actias luna probably appear
2012 on Liquidambar styraciflua on Highway 1375, Wal to be berries or flower buds attached to a stem (the pur
ker County, Texas. In San Antonio, more than 200 km ple costal margin) to some predators. However, viewing
west of the natural range of L. styraciflua, that larva was a perched specimen from the perspective shown in my
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
103
1 2
3 4
Figs. 1–4. Actias luna, spring form from southern states. Fig. 1: Males from eastern Tennessee. Fig. 2: Female from Bandera County, Texas. Fig. 3: Male
from Bandera County, Texas. Fig. 4: Mature larva from eastern Tennessee on sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua).
Fig. 3 also calls to mind a small mammal, with the eye- Recent studies in developmental biology provide an
spot representing the eye, and the thorax representing ex pla na tion for these bizarre aberrations (Freeman &
the nose. If this image could be interpreted as the head Her ron 2007: Chapter 19). In arthropods, homeotic genes
of a rabbit, the tails of the hindwings could represent the called Hox genes control this type of de ve lop ment. When
floppy ears. As discussed by Howse & Wolfe, birds do these genes are knocked out by a mutation, struct ures
not have the time or mental capacity to interpret ap pro-
may appear that normally occur on another segm ent.
priate sizes of such images. Although the wing patt ern
For example, in Drosophila, mutations in the antp gene
of A. luna appears to be fairly simple, it un doub ted ly
can cause a leg to form where an antenna should be. As
presents a diverse suite of images for various pre da tors
stated by Freeman & Herron (2007: 728), when the map
to interpret.
molecules are lost, cells can form struc tures appropriate
to the wrong location on the bo dy.
Genetic explanation for aberrant morphology
Brown (1975) described two specimens of Actias luna Acknowledgments
col lected at lights at Neels Gap, Lumpkin County, Geor-
Gregory D. Muise (San Antonio, Texas), Toney C. Boo zer
gia, a male on 30. v. 1967, and a female collected in ear ly
(Marietta, South Carolina) and Donald C. Henne (Te xas
June 1967. In the male, the left antenna was normal, but
Agri-Life Research, Weslaco, Texas) provided spe cimens,
the right antenna was only 1,6 mm long with slight pec-
tinations. Additionally, it had a normal antenna aris ing livestock, and/or information on Actias luna. Scott R.
from the left side of the prothorax. The female had a Shaw (University of Wyoming) identified the Co tesia.
normal left antenna, but the right antenna was rep laced I thank Wolfgang A. Nässig (Senckenberg-Mu se um,
by a tibia and tarsus. Unfortunately, the spe ci mens were Frankurt am Main) for critically reviewing the ma nu-
kept in Brown’s personal collection. script.
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
104
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