New Aircraft Concepts for Improved Environmental and Energetic Efficiency Aerospace Engineering

118 Pages·2014·17.95 MB·English

New Aircraft Concepts for Improved Environmental and
Energetic Efficiency
João Gonçalo Magriço Ferro
Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in
Aerospace Engineering
Supervisor: Prof. Afzal Suleman
Examination Committee
Chairperson: Prof. Fernando José Parracho Lau
Supervisor: Prof. Afzal Suleman
Member of the Committee: Prof. Pedro Vieira Gamboa
November 2014
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Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Dr. Afzal Suleman for the supervision and collaboration in the develop-
mentoftheworkpresentedinthisthesisandfortheopportunitytoworkinsuchinterestingproject,with
oneofthebiggestaircraftmanufacturesintheworld.
ToIDMECforthefinancialsupportthatallowedtheauthortofulfillhiswork,inPortugal,andforthree
timesinBrazil.
The author would like to especially thank Alma Design and all their staff, in special to Dr. Jose´ Rui
Marcelino and Andre´ Castro, for the support given to his work. Their support was central to the work
thatwasdeveloped.
ToEMBRAERandhiscollaboratorsfortheinputsandcollaborationinalltheworkdeveloped,espe-
ciallytoDr. RicardoReis,Dr. CelsoCouraandCarlosCarvalho. Theauthorwouldlikealsotothankthe
friendshipandavailabilityshownbyLucianaMonteiroRibeiroinalltheworkandinmystaysinBrazil.
To all the consortium partners by the way they welcomed me and included in this work team, espe-
ciallytoDr. NunoC.CorreiaandEng. LeonelJesus.
At last the author would like to thank all his family and friends, specially his parents, for the support
giveninallhisacademiclife.
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Abstract
Eco-efficiency has become the the main design driver in the development of new and future aircraft
transportation systems. In this thesis, new aircraft design concepts are studied to quantify the benefits
ofnewconfigurations.
The work developed aims to verify the concepts that were proposed by the OEM sponsoring the
NewFaceproject. Aerodynamicconsiderations,newpropulsionsystemsandnewmaterialsaresomeof
theenablingtechnologiesconsideredinthedesignofnewconfigurations.
Duringthisprocess,ithasbecomeevidentthatinordertoachievetheobjectivesrequiredforgreen-
ing aviation, it is necessary to have an integrated optimization framework that includes all disciplines
andtheirinteractions.
Keywords:
Aircraft,Design,Eco-efficiency,STOL,Jetpropulsion.
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Resumo
Aecoeficieˆnciasera´ provavelmenteumdosprincipaismotoresnoprojetodaaeronavedofuturo. Nesta
tese sa˜o apresentados projetos de algumas configurac¸o˜es que podem ajudar a obter a ecoeficieˆncia
necessa´ria. Otrabalhodesenvolvidotemcomoobjetivoaverificac¸a˜odosconceitosdesenvolvidospelos
parceirosenvolvidosnesteprojeto,umaequipamultidisciplinar,comdiferentesvaleˆncias,queusouuma
metodologiadedesignthinking comobasedodesenvolvimentodoprojetodasaeronaves.
As aeronaves propostas neste trabalho sa˜o abordagens conceptuais baseadas nas metodologias
apresentadas por Daniel P. Raymer, em Aircraft design: A conceptual approach, e por Thomas C.
Corke, emDesignofAircraft. Nestasmetodologiassa˜oapresentadasasprincipaisconsiderac¸o˜esque
teˆm que ser assumidas neste tipo de projetos, concec¸a˜o e estudo das superf´ıcies sustentadoras, do
tremdepouso,dosistemapropulsivo,subsistemas,entreoutrascomponentesdaaeronave. Paraeste
projetoforamprincipalmenteapresentadaseimplementadasasmelhoriasprovenientesdetecnologias
aerodinaˆmicas e de tecnologias propulsivas, apesar de tambe´m terem sido consideradas as melho-
rias provenientes de materiais compo´sitos avanc¸ados para o ca´lculo do peso. No desenvolvimento
das aeronaves evidenciou-se que para atingir os objetivos pretendidos pela aviac¸a˜o do futuro sera´
necessa´riaumaotimizac¸a˜ointegradadetodasasa´reasesetoresresponsa´veisnaconcec¸a˜oeprojeto
deaeronaves,principalmentenasa´reasdaaerodinaˆmica,propulsa˜oeestruturas.
Palavras-chave:
Aeronave,Projeto,Ecoeficieˆncia,STOL,Propulsa˜oajato.
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Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Resumo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
ListofTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
ListofFigures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
ListofAcronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ProjectNewFaceMotivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 ParticipationintheDesignGroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 EnvironmentalandEconomicDrivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Stateoftheart 5
2.1 AircraftManufacturerVision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Flowcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 SupportMaterial 18
3.1 AircraftSizingApplication(ASA)Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 ASATheoreticalbases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.1 MaximumTake-OffWeight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.2 ConstraintDiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 ASAUserExperience(UX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4 ASAStudys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4.1 Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4.2 Coherency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4.3 Consistency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4 ConceptualDesignStudy 25
4.1 DesignDrivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 InitialLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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4.2.1 Missiondefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.2 Take-offweightestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.3 Constraintdiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.4 AircraftCompetition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.5 AirfoilandWing/TailSelection&GeometrySizing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.5.1 Wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.5.2 Tails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.5.3 Fuselage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.6 Configurationlayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.7 SpecialConsiderationsinConfigurationLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2.8 Enginedefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.9 LandingGearandSubsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 RevisedLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3.1 Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3.2 Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3.3 Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3.4 StaticStability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3.5 CostAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5 Conclusions 78
5.1 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.2 LessonsLearned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3 FutureWork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
A ComplementaryData 81
A.1 FuelExpensesasaPercentageoftheTotalExpenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
A.2 ApplicationDescriptionandScreenshots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
A.3 TechnologyReadinessLevel(TRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
A.4 AerodynamicPlots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References 99
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