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175 Pages·2007·8.35 MB·English
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NEW ACTORS OF NEW POVERTY: THE “OTHER” CHILDREN OF ÇUKUROVA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYŞEGÜL ÖZBEK IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY MAY 2007 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science of Sociology. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science of Sociology. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr..Mesut Yeğen (METU, SOC) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz-Hoşgör (METU, SOC) Assoc.Prof.Dr. Erkan Erdil (METU, ECON) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all materials and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Ayşegül Özbek Signature: iii ABSTRACT NEW ACTORS OF NEW POVERTY: THE “OTHER” CHILDREN OF ÇUKUROVA Özbek, Ayşegül M. Sc., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz-Hoşgör May 2007, 160 pages This study aims to analyze the socio-economic characteristics, living and working conditions, educational profiles and the future expectations of the child workers, who have been living in tents for many years and working as agricultural workers at Karagöçer and Kapıköy areas of Tuzla Municipality (Karataş District) of Adana Province since the early 90s after having been forced to vacate their villages in Şırnak. Thesis tries to expose the poverty, deprivation and social exclusion experienced by families and children presently living in tents in Karagöçer and Kapıköy. It is also aimed at exposing the ways in which these people are deprived of their social and political rights as citizens. The main research question of the study is the motives behind the child labour observed in Karagöçer and Kapıköy. The study has found that the phenomenon of child labour in this area is the direct consequence of poverty, deprivation, social exclusion and denial of citizenship rights that these families had to face as a result of forced migration early in the 90s. Therefore, the study underlines, in conceptual terms, how their unfavourable circumstances lead to deep child poverty and iv consequently child labour and thesis also tries to bring attention to the children’s situation by referring to their families’ poverty, deprivation, social exclusion and lack of citizenship rights. In this respect, the theory section of the thesis focuses on the relation of child labour and child poverty within the conceptualization of new poverty, internal displacement (forced migration), social exclusion and citizenship rights. One of the main argument of this thesis is that children from Şırnak who work in fields in Tuzla constitutes a different category of child labour. Even though they are paid child workers working in the agricultural sector and they live like migrant seasonal agricultural workers, they are not, since they are settled in the region for a long time. Another important argument of the study is that families of these children after the evacuation of their village did not migrate to urban areas like most of the internally displaced people did but moved to rural areas. In this sense, they are also in disadvantaged condition compared to other internally displaced people since they can not benefit from many social services, which is easy to reach in urban settings. Therefore, this study makes clear that the children and their families examined in this study are the part of the worst form of poverty in Turkey. Keywords: Child labour, child poverty, new poverty, social exclusion, citizenship, forced migration, seasonal agricultural works and workers v ÖZ YENİ YOKSULLUĞUN YENİ AKTÖRLERİ: ÇUKUROVA’NIN “ÖTEKİ” ÇOCUKLARI Özbek, Ayşegül Yüksek Lisans, Sosyoloji Anabilim Dalı Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz-Hoşgör Mayıs 2007, 160 sayfa Bu çalışmada 1990’lı yılların başında Şırnak’taki köylerinin boşaltılması sonucu Adana’nın Karataş ilçesine bağlı Tuzla Belediyesi sınırları içerisinde bulunan Karagöçer ve Kapıköy bölgelerine göç eden, uzun yıllar bu bölgede çadırlarda yaşayan, tarlalarda çalışan tarım işçisi çocukların sosyo-ekonomik durumları, yaşam ve çalışma koşulları, eğitim durumları ve gelecekten beklentileri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bu tez ile Karagöçer ve Kapıköy bölgesindeki çocukların aileleriyle birlikte yaşamış oldukları yoksulluk, yoksunluk ve sosyal dışlanma olgusu vurgulanmış, bu insanların her türlü sosyal ve politik haklardan nasıl mahrum kaldıkları irdelenmiştir. Araştırmanın temel sorusu Karagöçer ve Kapıköy bölgelerinde yaşanan çocuk işçiliğinin nedenleridir. Araştırma sonuçları bölgede yaşanan çocuk işçiliğinin nedenlerinin 1990’lı yılların başında yaşanan köy boşaltmaları sonucu ailelerin Tuzla’ya göçleri ile başlayan yoksulluk, yoksunluk, sosyal dışlanma ve vatandaş olarak sosyal ve politik haklardan yararlanamama olduğunu göstermiştir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, tüm bu olumsuz koşulların nasıl çocuk yoksulluğuna ve buna bağlı olarak da çocuk işçiliğine yol açtığını kavramsal olarak açıklamakta ve çocukların vi işçilik durumlarını ailelerinin içinde bulunduğu yoksulluk, yoksunluk, sosyal dışlanma ve vatandaşlık haklarından yararlanamamaları üzerinden aktarmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel önermelerinden birisi araştırmaya konu olan çocukların farklı bir çocuk işçisi kategorisi oluşturmalarıdır. Her ne kadar bu çocuklar tarım sektöründe çalışıyor ve mevsimlik tarım işçisi çocuklarla benzer koşullarda yaşıyor olsalarda, uzun yıllardır bölgeye yerleşmiş olan ailelerin çocukları olarak mevsimlik, geçici tarım işçisi konumda sınıflandırılmamalıdır. Araştırmanın bir diğer önemli önermesi ise bu çocukların ailelerinin diğer zorunlu göç mağduru ailelerden farklı olarak şehirlere yerleşmek yerine kırsal bir bölgeye yerleşmiş olmalarıdır. Bu nedenle bu insanlar şehirde erişilmesi kolay olan pek çok hizmetten de mahrum kaldıkları için zorunlu göç mağduru diğer ailelerden daha dezavantajlı durumdadırlar. Tüm araştırma bulguları bu ailelerin çocuklarıyla birlikte Türkiye’nin en yoksul kesiminin bir parçası olduklarını göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk işçiliği, çocuk yoksulluğu, yeni yoksulluk, sosyal dışlanma, vatandaşlık, zorunlu göç, mevsimlik tarım işçiliği ve mevsimlik tarım işçileri vii to the “other” children of Turkey viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my love, respect and gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör for her trust to me and to the subject in every stage of the thesis. Beyond her guidence, advice, critism and encouragement, her trust brings this thesis into existence. This study would not be completed without her invaluable support. I would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mesut Yeğen and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erkan Erdil for their constructive criticisms and encouragement to continue working on the subject. I would also like to thank Ertan Karabıyık, whose presentation on child labour in cotton production in Karataş has given me the idea on deciding what to cover in thesis and to Hilal Galip for her help on data analysis. I should also express my thanksgiving to my brother Bülent Özbek, without his support and help I could not get the degree of master in sociology and to my family for their love and support. Finally, I would like to thank my friends who make me feel valuable and special with their interests during the thesis period. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ………………………………………………………………..……. iii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….…...…iv ÖZ……………………………………………………………………….…….……..vi DEDICATION………………………………………………………..…………….viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………...……………ix LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………….xiv LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………xv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND OUTLINE OF THE THESIS............................................................................1 1.1 Introduction……………………..………………..…………...…..1 1.2 Research Methodology…………………..…………………….….4 1.3 Outline of the Thesis………………………..……………….……7 II. CHILD LABOUR AND CHILD POVERTY IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW POVERTY ………………………………...…….….11 2.1 Conceptualization of Child Labour………………………....…...11 x

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Thesis tries to expose the poverty, deprivation and social exclusion Çalışmanın temel önermelerinden birisi araştırmaya konu olan çocukların .. Even if it is not possible to give a definite number, according to ILO statistics .. adopted by the United Nations and the International Labour O
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