Neutrosophy in Arabic Philosophy English version

293 Pages·2007·2.32 MB·English

by  Florentin Smarandache

FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE SALAH OSMAN

Neutrosophy in Arabic
Philosophy

Renaissance High Press
2007
Neutrosophy in
Arabic Philosophy

Neutrosophy in
Arabic Philosophy

Florentin Smarandache, Ph D
Associate Professor
Chair of the Department of Math & Sciences
University of New Mexico
200 College Rd.
Gallup, NM 87301, USA

Salah Osman, Ph D
Assistant Professor
Department of Philosophy
Minufiya University
Faculty of Arts
Shebin Elkom, Egypt

Renaissance High Press

2007
The front cover image is done by Nada Osman, from Alexandria, Egypt,
and it is titled: “From the Inspiration of Arabic Culture”.

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Copyright 2007 by Renaissance High Press (Ann Arbor) and the Authors

Many books can be downloaded from the following
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http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm

Peer Reviewers:
Faculty and Students
Department of Philosophy
Minufiya University
Faculty of Arts
Shebin Elkom, Egypt

(ISBN-10): 1-931233-13-6
(ISBN-13): 978-1-931233-13-2
(EAN): 9781931233132
Printed in the United States of America
To all those who contributed in building the
human edifice of civilization throughout
history …to the leaders of Arab culture
everywhere at all times.

Florentin Smarandache

To the one who advised me one day saying:
take care of science as much as you do of
life; to my professor
Dr. Ahmad Mahmoud Subhi
may God lay his soul in rest and mercy.

Salah Osman

Contents

Preface xi
Introduction 1
Notes of introduction 13

Chapter1. From Philosophy to Neutrosophy 14
1.1 Neutrosophy, a New Branch of Philosophy 14
1.2 Towards Neutrosophy (Foundamental Notions) 15
A) Etymology 15
B) Definition 15
C) Characteristics 15
D) Methods of Neutrosophic Study 16
E) Formalization 16
F) Main Principle 17
G) Fundamental thesis 17
H) Main Laws 17
I) Mottos 18
J) Fundamental Theory 18
K) Delimitation from Other Philosophical Concepts
and Theories 18
L) Philosophy's Limits 19
M) Classification of Ideas 20
N) Evolution of an Idea 20
O) Philosophical Formulas 22
1.3 Neutrosophic Epistemology 28
1.4 Neutrosophic Logic 45
A) Why is the Neutrosophic Logic? 45
B) Definition 46
C) Differences between Neutrosophic Logic and Intuitionistic
Fuzzy Logic 47
D) The Road to the Neutrosophic Logic (a historical view) 48
E) Comments on Neutrosophic Logic in Comparison to other
Logics 55
F) Comparison between Fuzzy Logic and Neutrosophic Logic 62
G) Neutrosophical Modal Logic 63
H) Applications 63
viii Contents
I) Definition of Neutrosophic Logical Connectives 64
1.5 Paradoxism Used in Science 66
Notes of Chapter 1 69

Chapter2. Arabic-Islamic Thought: Its Sources and Pillars 72
2.1 Spatial – Temporal Dimension 72
2.2 The Neutrosophism of Designation 74
A) Was there an Arabic Civilization before Islam? 78
B) Islamic Culture and Arabic Language 81
C) Is It a Theological Civilization? 85
2.3 Potentials: the Positivity of Negation and Richness
of Difference 90
A) The Revelation of Heaven (Quran and Sunnah) 92
1. Quran 92
2. Sunnah 98
B) Conquests: Mixing and Absorption of the Other 103
1. Between Islam and Muslims 103
2. The Start of Combination among Nations 109
3. The Movement of Translation 110
C) The Internal Building 114
2.4 The Philosophical Cultures in Islam 121
A) The Philosophy of Islamic Philosophers 121
B) Islamic Mysticism 126
C) Ilm al-Kalam 129
D) Ilm Usul al-Fiqh (The Study of the Origins, Sources, and
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence) 134
E) Sociology or Philosophy of Politics or Philosophy of
History 139
F) The Philosophy of Grammar 141
Notes of Chapter 2 145

Chapter3. Neutrosophic Models of the Arabic-Islamic Thought 166
3.1 A Neutrosophic Reading of the Islamic Qiyas 166
A) Meaning of Fundamental Qiyas 169
B) Cornerstones of Qiyas and its Conditions 172
a. Conditions of the Origin 174
b. Conditions of the Judgment of Origin 175
c. Conditions of the Branch 177
d. Conditions of the Cause 179
C) Paths of the Cause 184
First Path: Al-Nas (= the Text) 184
Second Path: Al-Ijma' (= the Unanimity) 186
Third Path: Al-Istinbat (= the Deduction) 186
1) Probing and Dividing 186
Contents ix
2) Suitability or Al-Munasaba 188
a. The Influential Suitable 189
b. The Proper Suitable 190
c. The Free Suitable 190
3) Regularity, Retrogression, and Inseparability (Al- Tard
wa al-Aks wa al- Dawaran) 190
4) Refining Reason (Tanqih al-Manat) 191
D) Types of Fundamental Qiyas 192
1) Qiyas of Priority 193
2) Qiyas of Equality 193
3) Qiyas of Minimum 194
E) Qiyas between Certainty and Probability 194
F) Ijtihad and the Renewal of Religious Thought 200
3.2 Non-Aristotelian Logical Elements in Ilm Al-Kalam 207
A) The judgment on the Perpetrator of a Major Sin 208
B) The Mental Goodness and Badness of Actions 210
C) The Somethingness of Nihil 212
D) Theory of Modes (or States) 216
Notes of Chapter 3 220

Conclusion 236
Name Index 240
Subject Index 245
References 256
Biography of Dr. Salah Osman 276