Neutron Stars: Theory and Observation PDF
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Neutron Stars: Theory and Observation NATO ASI Series AdvancedSCienceInstitutesseries ASeriespresentingtheresultsofactivitiessponsoredbytheNATOScienceCommittee, whichaimsatthedisseminationofadvancedscientificandtechnologicalknowledge, withaviewtostrengtheninglinksbetweenscientificcommunities. TheSeriesispublishedbyaninternationalboardofpublishersinconjunctionwiththe NATOScientificAffairsDivision A LifeSCiences Plenum PublishingCorporation B Physics LondonandNewYork C Mathematlcel KluwerAcademicPublishers andPhysicalSCiences Dordrecht,BostonandLondon D BehaviouralandSocialSCiences E AppliedSCiences F ComputerandSystemsSCiences Springer-Verlag G EcologicalSCiences Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork, London, H CellBiology ParisandTokyo I GlobalEnvironmentalChange NATo-PCo-DATABASE TheelectronicindextotheNATOASISeriesprovidesfullbibliographicalreferences (withkeywordsand/orabstracts)tomorethan30000contributionsfrom international scientistspublishedinallsectionsoftheNATOASISeries. AccesstotheNATO-PCO-DATABASEispossibleintwoways: - viaonlineFILE 128(NATO-PCO-DATABASE)hostedby ESRIN, ViaGalileoGaUlei, 1-00044Frascati, Italy. - viaCD-ROM "NATO-PCa-DATABASE"with user-friendlyretrieval softwarein English, FrenchandGerman (©WTVGmbHand DATAWARETechnologies Inc. 1989). TheCD-ROMcanbeorderedthroughanymemberoftheBoardofPublishersor through NATO-PCO,Overijse, Belgium. seriesC:MathematicalandPhysicalSCiences·Vol.344 Neutron Stars: Theory and Observation edited by Joseph Ventura Department of Physics, University of Crete and IESL, Research Center of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece and David Pines Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, U.S.A. Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Neutron Stars: An Interdisciplinary Field Agia Pelagia, Crete, Greece September 3-14, 1990 Library of Congress cataloging-in-Publication Data Neutron stars: theory and observation / edited by Joseph Ventura and David Pines. p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; vol. 344) Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute. Includes bibllographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-94-010-5565-9 ISBN 978-94-011-3536-8 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-94-011-3536-8 1. Neutron stars--Congresses. I. Ventura, Joseph. II. Pines, Oavld, 1924- III. Series: NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematlcal and physlcal sciences; no. 344. OBS43.N4N49 1991 523.S·S74--dc20 91-25032 ISBN 978-94-010-5565-9 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE vii LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ix 1. INSIDE NEUTRON STARS C.J. PethickandD.O.Ravenhall:AnIntroductiontoMatteratSubnuclear Densities 3 O. Baym: The High Density Interiors ofNeutron Stars 21 J. Wambach,T.L. AinsworthandD.Pines: PairingInteractionsinNeutron Stars 37 M.A. Alpar: Superfluid Dynamics in Neutron Stars 49 D. Pines:NeutronStarsasCosmicHadron Physics Laboratories: What Glitches Teach Us 57 M. Ruderman: Neutron Star Plate Tectonics 71 H. Ogelman: Thermal Emission of Pulsars 87 2. FORMATION AND EVOLUTION D. Bhattacharya: The Formation ofNeutron Stars in the Galaxy 103 W. Hillebrandt: CoreCollapseSupernovaeandNeutronStarFormation 125 K. Nomoto,T. Shigeyama, S. Kumagai, H. Yamaoka,T. Tsujimoto: Neutron Star Formation in Close Binary Systems 143 E.P.J. vandenHeuvel: EvolutionofCloseBinariesand the Formation of Millisecond Radio Pulsars 171 M. Tavani: Vaporizing Neutron Stars in LMXR Binaries and the Statistics of Millisecond Pulsars 197 J. Shaham: CompanionWinds Excited by Neutron Star Radiation in LMXBS and Millisecond Pulsars 203 D. BhattacharyaandO. Srinivasan:The Evolution of Neutron Star Magnetic Fields 219 D.O. Yakovlev: Electrical Conductivity of Neutron Star Cores and Evolution ofInternal Magnetic Fields 235 3. OBSERVATIONS ON BINARIES AND QPO's J. van Paradijs: Neutron Stars in X-ray Binaries 245 J. van Paradijs: Optical Light Curves ofX-Ray Binaries 289 M. van der Klis: Observations ofZ and Atoll Sources 319 vi 4. PULSARAND X-RAY EMISSION J.M. Rankin: An Empirical Theory ofPulsar Emission 349 P. Ghoshand F.K. Lamb: Plasma PhysicsofAccretingNeutron Stars 363 F.K.Lamb: UnifiedModelofX-RaySpectraandQPOsin Low Mass Neutron Star Binaries 445 P. M~szlb'os: AccretingPulsars,Gamma-RayBurstersandLMXB as High Energy Polarized Sources 483 A.R. King: Accretion Flows on to Neutron Stars 493 J.M. Hameury: Soft X-ray Transients 501 J.P. Lasota: Slowly Accreting Neutron Stars ("SANS") 515 5. BURSTS AND TeVEMISSION D.Q. Lamb: X-ray Bursts 531 D.Q. Lamb: Gamma-ray Bursts 545 G.G. Pavlov, A.D. Kaminker and P.G. Mamradze: Annihilation RadiationinStrongMagneticFields and Gamma-RayBurst Spectra 561 O.C. De Jager: The Searchfor TeV Emission from Neutron Stars 571 SUBJECT AND OBJECT INDEX 579 PREFACE Some twenty-three years after the discovery of pulsars and their identification as rotatingneutronstars,neutronstarphysicsmay beregardedas comingofage. Pul sars and accreting neutron stars have now been studied at every wavelength,from the initialradio observations, through optical, X-, and "{-ray, up to the very recent observations in the TeV region, while theorists have studiedin some detail relevant physicalprocessesbothoutside andinsideneutronstars. Asa result, comparisonof theory withobservation providesa testofour theoreticalideasinfields as diverseas neutron and nuclear matter, superfluidity and superconductivity, the acceleration of high energy particles, and the generation and maintenance ofintense magnetic fields. For example, through observations of glitches and post glitch behavior of pulsars, it has become possible to establish the presence ofsuperfluid neutron mat ter in the inner crust of neutron stars, and to determine some of its properties, while neutronstarsin compact binary systems offeroneofthe most efficient energy generation mechanisms known. It is in fact the interactive interpretation of these ,diverse pieces ofinformation that can lead to major advancesin our understanding ofthe physics ofthese exotic objects, and justifies the characterization ofneutron stars as hadron physics laboratories. The NATO Advanced StudyInstitute, whoseproceedingsarepresentedinthis volume, was thereforedesigned tobringtogether theorists andobserversinaneffort to confront theory with observation, to determine where either further theoretical work is called for to understand observations, or where future observations might resolve conflicting theoretical proposals. In so doing, we were fortunate to have among the participants a number of the pioneers of neutron star physics whose papers written in the late sixties and early seventies have served as benchmarks in the field. During the meeting, a number ofrecent observationalfindings, including mil lisecond pulsars, the presence of QPO oscillations in the temporal variation of several low mass X-ray binaries, and their proposed evolutionary link to millisec ond pulsars, as well as the recent observations of very high energy gamma-rays from binaries, were reviewed and discussed. The recent successful deployment of ROBAT with its demonstrated improved capability for observing faint sources in the soft X-ray region, raises the expectation that someofthe outstanding problems in neutron star physics may come to their resolution. Gamma ray bursts havelong been thought to originate at thesurface ofneutron stars,a hypothesis strengthened by recent GINGA cyclotron line observations. Theoretical ideas concerning these violent events are extensively discussed in the ensuing pages. Particular attention was paid to the secular evolution of neutron star mag netic fields; from analyses of recent observations, both speakers and participants concluded that the commonly held view, that solitary pulsar fields decay sponta neously within time-scales of the order of several million years, can no longer be supported. Recent evidence appears, in fact, to link field decay to mass accretion onto the neutron star during its evolution in a binary. Millisecond pulsars would vii viii then result after the final detachment or "evaporation" ofthe neutron star's com panion. Recent theoretical work reviewed further indicates that the core magnetic field-which exists in the form of fluxoids imbedded in the neutron superfluid might decrease as a result of the pulsar spin-down, due to the expulsion of the pinned fluxoids as the density of the rotational vortices decreases with the spin down. In addition to recent advances in understanding the nuclear constitution of neutron stars, new work on the core conductivity, and its role in determining the evolution ofthe magnetic field, was reported. Recent calculations ofproton super conductivity, which may also influence the secular timescale of the magnetic field, are likewise reviewed. We havethus attempted tohaveagood mixoftheory andobservation,as well as between the tutorial and current research aspects in the lectures, and thanks to the close cooperation ofthe lecturers, we feel that we have come close to achieving this goal. In the first part of these proceedings, our present understanding of the for mation, structure, and dynamics of neutron stars is reviewed. The second part is devoted to the formation and evolution of neutron stars, while the third part focuses on observations. In the fourth chapter, the plasma physics of accreting neutron stars and theories of pulsar and X-ray emission are reviewed. The last chapter is devoted to theoretical and observational work on X- and gamma-ray bursts, and TeV emission. The Institute would not have been possible without the grant ofthe NATO Advanced Study Institute Program; we thank the Committee for their generous support. We are also indebted to the Research Center ofCrete and the Greek Sec retariat for Research and Technology for their support. In selecting the lecturers, and in running this Institute, we benefitted greatly from the advice and assis tance of our fellow members of the scientific organizing committee, J. P. Lasota, H. Ogelman, C. J. Pethick, and J. Triimper. We are further indebted to Joachim Triimper and the Max Planck Institut fiir extraterrestrischePhysikfor helpingsup port the Institute by enabling a sizeable number ofits scientists to participate. It is finally a special pleasure to thank Nick Kylafis for his continuing assistance and Lia Papadopoulou for her devoted services. J. Ventura, Heraklion, Crete D. Pines, Urbana-Champaign June 1991 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Aysun AkyUz Cukurova University, Turkey Ali Alpar Middle East Technical University, Turkey E. Asseo Ecole Polytechnique, France ZSolt Bagoly Roland Eotvos University, Hungary Matthew Bailes NRAL, UK Menashe Banit Columbia University, USA Altan Baykal Middle East Technical University, Turkey Gordon Baym University of Illinois-Urbana, USA Werner Becker MPI fUr Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany Tomaso Belloni MPI fUr Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany D. Bhattacharya University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Javier Bonatti Universitiit Tubingen, Germany C. Marcella Carolo MPE, Germany Vittorio M. Canuto NASA, USA K.S. Cheng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Jacqueline Cote University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Giancarlo Cusumano I.F.C.A.I./C.N.R., Italy Bhaskar Datta Indian Institute of Astrophysics, India O.c. de Jager Potchesfstroom University, South Africa Stefano del Sordo I.F.C.A.I./C.N.R., Italy Roger S. Foster University of California, USA Andrew S. Fruchter Carnegie Institution of Washington, USA Ulrich Geppert Institut fUr Kosmosforchung, Germany Rolf Geprags Universitiit TUbingen, Germany Pranab Ghosh University of Illinois-Urbana, USA Janusz A. Gil Pedagogical University, Poland Fatma Gtik Middle East Technical University, Turkey Theofanis Grammenos University of Athens, Greece Jochen Greiner Institut fUr Kosmosforschung, Germany Isabelle Grenier CEN Saclay, France M. Donata Guarnieri Osservatorio Astronomico-Torino, Italy Jean-Marie Hameury Observatoire Meudon, France ix x Wolfgang Hillebrandt MPI tur Astrophysik, Germany Naold Itoh Sophia University, Japan Simon Johnston NRAL, UK Martin H. Kaiser Universitat TUbingen, Germany ,- Vassillld Kalogera 13 Leoforos Stratou, Thessaloniki, Greece Eckhard Kendziorra Universitat TUbingen, Germany Alan D. Kerrick University of California, USA Andrew King University of Leicester, UK Umit KiziloglU Middle East Technical University, Turkey Wlodzimierz Kluzniak Columbia University, USA Chryssa Kouveliotou University of Athens, Greece Wolfgang Kundt Universitat Bonn, Germany Mathias Kunz Universitilt TUbingen, Germany Nick Kylafis University of Crete, Greece Don Q. Lamb University of Chicago, USA Frederick K. Lamb University of Illinois-Urbana, USA Jean-Pierre Lasota Observatoire Meudon, France Bennett Link Los Alamos National Lab., USA Andrew G. Lyne University of Manchester, UK Apostolos Mastichiadis MPI tur Kemphysik, Germany Fotis Mavromatakis University of Crete, Greece Peter Mc!szaros Pennsylvania State University, USA Bruno Mony Universitiit TUbingen, Germany H.I. Nel Potchefstroom University, South Africa Hans-Peter Nollert Universitilt TUbingen, Germany Ken'ichi Nomoto University of Tokyo, Japan Laura Norci CNR-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale, Italy Hakld Ogelman MPI tur Extraterrestrische Physik, Germany Marina Orio Osservatorio Astronomico Torino, Italy Dany P. Page Columbia University, USA Hara 'Papathanasiou Evzonon 42, Greece Costas Pavlakis University of Crete, Greece George Pavlov loffe Institute, USSR
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