Neutron Scattering and Other Nuclear Techniques for Hydrogen in Materials PDF
Preview Neutron Scattering and Other Nuclear Techniques for Hydrogen in Materials
Neutron Scattering Applications and Techniques Helmut Fritzsche Jacques Huot Daniel Fruchart E ditors Neutron Scattering and Other Nuclear Techniques for Hydrogen in Materials Neutron Scattering Applications and Techniques Serieseditors IanS.Anderson,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge,TN,USA AlanJ.Hurd,LosAlamosNationalLaboratory,LosAlamos,NM,USA RobertL.McGreevy,ISIS,Didcot,UK More information about this series at: http://www.springer.com/series/8141 Helmut Fritzsche (cid:129) Jacques Huot (cid:129) Daniel Fruchart Editors Neutron Scattering and Other Nuclear Techniques for Hydrogen in Materials Editors HelmutFritzsche JacquesHuot NeutronScatteringBranch HydrogenResearchInstitute CanadianNuclearLaboratories Universite´duQue´beca`Trois-Rivie`res ChalkRiver,ON,Canada Trois-Rivie`res,Que´bec,Canada DanielFruchart InstitutNe´el Grenoble,France ISSN1868-0372 ISSN1868-0380 (electronic) NeutronScatteringApplicationsandTechniques ISBN978-3-319-22791-7 ISBN978-3-319-22792-4 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22792-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016933246 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 JacquesHuot,DanielBanks,andHelmutFritzsche 2 NeutronScattering:Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 BjørnC.HaubackandHenrikMauroy 3 NeutronPowderDiffraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 JacquesHuotandRadovanCˇerny´ 4 TotalNeutronScattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 MagnusH.Sørby 5 NeutronReflectometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 HelmutFritzsche,FrankKlose,ChristineRehm, ZinTun,MaxWolff,andBj€orgvinHj€orvarsson 6 SmallAngleNeutronScattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 SabrinaSartoriandKennethD.Knudsen 7 NeutronImaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 AxelGriesche,MircoGroße,andBurkhardSchillinger 8 IncoherentNeutronScattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 MichaelA.Gharghouri 9 InelasticandQuasi-ElasticNeutronScattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 D.KeithRossandDanielL.Roach 10 ElasticRecoilDetectionAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 PascalBerger,CarolineRaepsaet,andHichamKhodja 11 NuclearReactionAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Hans-WernerBeckerandDetlefRogalla v vi Contents 12 NuclearMagneticResonance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 AlexanderV.SkripovandMarinaG.Shelyapina 13 PositronAnnihilationSpectroscopy(PAS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 KoujiSakaki Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Contributors Daniel Banks Canadian Neutron Beam Centre, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, ChalkRiver,ON,Canada Hans-WernerBecker RUBION,CentralUnitforIonBeamsandRadioisotopes, Ruhr-UniversityBochum,Bochum,Germany Pascal Berger Laboratory for the Study of Light Elements (LEEL), NIMBE, CEA,CNRS,Universite´ Paris-Saclay,CEASaclay,GifsurYvette,France Radovan Cˇerny´ Laboratoire de Cristallographie, DQMP, Faculte´ des Sciences, Universite´ deGene`ve,Gene`ve,Switzerland HelmutFritzsche CanadianNuclearLaboratories,ChalkRiver,ON,Canada Michael A. Gharghouri Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, Canada Axel Griesche Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin,Germany Mirco Große Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe,Germany BjørnC.Hauback InstituteforEnergyTechnology,Kjeller,Norway Bj€orgvin Hj€orvarrson Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala Univer- sity,Uppsala,Sweden Jacques Huot Hydrogen Research Institute, Universite´ du Que´bec (cid:2)a Trois- Rivie`res,Trois-Rivie`res,QC,Canada Hicham Khodja Laboratory for the Study of Light Elements (LEEL), CEA, Universite´ Paris-Saclay,CEA-SACLAY,NIMBE,GifsurYvette,France vii viii Contributors Frank Klose Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation,LucasHeights,NSW,Australia Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, HongKongSAR,China KennethD.Knudsen InstituteforEnergyTechnology,Kjeller,Norway HenrikMauroy InstituteforEnergyTechnology,Kjeller,Norway CarolineRaepsaet LaboratoryfortheStudyofLightElements(LEEL),NIMBE, CEA,CNRS,Universite´ Paris-Saclay,CEA-SACLAY,GifsurYvette,France Christine Rehm Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation,LucasHeights,NSW,Australia DanielL.Roach CentreforMaterialsPhysics,SchoolofComputing,Scienceand Engineering,UniversityofSalford,Manchester,UK Detlef Rogalla RUBION, Central Unit for Ion Beams and Radioisotopes, Ruhr- UniversityBochum,Bochum,Germany D. Keith Ross Centre for Materials Physics, School of Computing, Science and Engineering,UniversityofSalford,Manchester,UK KoujiSakaki NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology, ResearchInstituteofEnergyFrontier,HydrogenIndustrialUseandStorageGroup, Tsukuba,Ibaraki,Japan SabrinaSartori DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofOslo,Oslo,Norway Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Burkhard Schillinger Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (FRM II) and Department ofPhysicsE21,TechnischeUniversita¨tMu¨nchen,Garching,Germany Marina G. Shelyapina Department of Nuclear Physics Research Methods, FacultyofPhysics,St.PetersburgStateUniversity,SaintPetersburg,Russia Alexander V. Skripov Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian AcademyofSciences,Ekatarinburg,Russia MagnusH.Sørby InstituteforEnergyTechnology,Kjeller,Norway ZinTun CanadianNeutronBeamCentre,CanadianNuclearLaboratories,Chalk River,ON,Canada MaxWolff DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,UppsalaUniversity,Uppsala, Sweden Chapter 1 Introduction JacquesHuot,DanielBanks,andHelmutFritzsche Theinteractionofhydrogenwithmaterialsisawidefieldofresearch.Thesimplic- ity of the hydrogen atom allows us to gain fundamental insights into crystal structures, phase transitions, diffusion, absorption, adsorption, and magnetism in hydrogen-containingmetals.Theseinsightscouldthenbeusedtodevelopavariety of practical systems for the advancement of our society. One key example is the developmentofasustainableandenvironmentallyfriendlyenergyproductionand distribution systems. Hydrogen is a well-known energy carrier and could be a solution for some of our energy and environmental issues. Hydrogen can be generated from various primary energy sources, especially renewables such as thermal solar, photovoltaic, wind, and hydroelectricity. Hydrogen is the only fuel that can be converted to and from electricity easily, thus making it a potential partnerwithelectricityintheglobalenergydistributionsystem.Asmostrenewable energy sources are intermittent, using hydrogen to store energy is an elegant and ecologicalsolution.Therefore,hydrogenisexpectedtobeusedwidely,alongwith electricity,asamajorenergycarrierbymid-twenty-firstcentury. Themaindrawbackofusinghydrogenasanenergycarrierisitspoorvolumetric energydensityatroomtemperatureandonebarpressure,whichisonly1/3000that J.Huot(*) HydrogenResearchInstitute,Universite´duQue´bec(cid:1)aTrois-Rivie`res, Trois-Rivie`res,QC,Canada,G9A5H7 e-mail:[email protected] D.Banks CanadianNeutronBeamCentre,CanadianNuclearLaboratories, ChalkRiver,ON,Canada,K0J1J0 e-mail:[email protected] H.Fritzsche CanadianNuclearLaboratories,ChalkRiver,ON,Canada e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 1 H.Fritzscheetal.(eds.),NeutronScatteringandOtherNuclearTechniques forHydrogeninMaterials,NeutronScatteringApplicationsandTechniques, DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22792-4_1
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