Neutron Methods for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage PDF
Preview Neutron Methods for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
Neutron Scattering Applications and Techniques Nikolay Kardjilov Giulia Festa Editors Neutron Methods for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Neutron Scattering Applications and Techniques Series editors Ian S. Anderson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Alan J. Hurd, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA Robert L. McGreevy, ISIS, Didcot, UK Neutron scattering techniques provide exceptional tools for studying the structure and dynamics of materials at the molecular level. New user facilities, instrumen- tation and software now provide the “non-expert” researcher with the opportunity ofusingneutrontechniquestoprovideanswerstochallengingresearchquestionsin physics, biology, chemistry, engineering and medicine that cannot be answered by any other technique. In order to maximize this potential it is crucial to provide the research community with an up to date series of books which describe the fundamentals of the techniques as applied in a given field, and provide recent examples of applications to showcase the capabilities. TheNeutronScatteringApplicationsandTechniquesbookseriesiscomprehensive, covering a broad range of research topics. Its goal is to provide scientists and engineers with reference books which highlight the unique capabilities of neutron techniques to elucidate critical questions in established and emergent areas of science. The books are suitable for graduate students, postdocs, and research professionals in the field, and serve as a reference to both experts and (scientific) newcomers wishing to learn about the subject. Editorial Board Masatoshi Arai, Japan Atomic Energy Agency Shenda Baker, Harvey Mudd College Collin Broholm, Johns Hopkins University Patrick Gallagher, National Institute of Standards and Technology Stephen Nagler, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Roger Pynn, Indiana University J. Michael Rowe, National Institute of Standards and Technology Helmut Schober, Institut Laue-Langevin Sunil Sinha, University of California Ray Teller, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Jill Trewhella, University of Sydney Christian Vettier, European Spallation Source More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8141 Nikolay Kardjilov Giulia Festa (cid:129) Editors Neutron Methods for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 123 Editors NikolayKardjilov Giulia Festa Institute of Applied Materials Department ofPhysics andCentreNAST Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin University of RomeTor Vergata Berlin Rome Germany Italy ISSN 1868-0372 ISSN 1868-0380 (electronic) Neutron Scattering Applications andTechniques ISBN978-3-319-33161-4 ISBN978-3-319-33163-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33163-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016949631 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Ourculturalheritageisthelegacythatoursocietyhasinheritedfromthepast,andis bestowed for the benefit of future generations. It gives us insight into where we camefromandwhoweare.Itsconservationisimportantnotonlyfromthecultural point of view, but also from a practical one. In this context, neutron-based char- acterization techniques play a fundamental role because neutrons are very pene- trating and therefore ideal for the non-invasive investigation of artefacts, allowing both surface and bulk properties to be measured. The full suite of neutron tech- niques available for cultural heritage research is impressive and many essential resultshavebeenobtainedusingoneormoreofthesetoolstoprovideinformation that cannot be determined in any other way. Neutron methods allow the charac- terization of the composition and mechanical properties of ancient materials, helpingtoanswer questions related tothedating,themanufacturing processorthe state of degradation of artefacts. The results obtained from neutron investigations are in many cases essential for setting the proper restoration and conservation strategiesorforperformingtherightclassificationofancientsamples.Nevertheless, the application of neutron beams for cultural heritage purposes is often considered as‘exotic’bytheresearchersandrestorersinthefieldduetothelimitedavailability of neutron sources which are usually large-scale research facilities with restricted access procedures and complex instrumentation. The intent of this book is to provide an introduction to the wide range of neutron-based characterization techniques, and their impact in cultural heritage research, to the broad community of archaeologists, paleontologists, restorers and curators, historians and holders of private collections as well as material scientists and engineers dealing with the characterization of ancient materials. Answers to many practical questions will be given in conjunction with detailed examples describing some of the more fascinating highlights of applications of neutron techniquesinrecentinvestigations,inaformaccessibletoalargereadership.PartI will be dedicated to stories describing discoveries brought about by the use of v vi Preface neutron techniques in various applications. Part II will cover the experimental techniques in appropriate detail: basic principles, limitations and fields of appli- cation. The book encloses visual information in theform of videos related to the contents available in the e-book version of the volume. Berlin, Germany Nikolay Kardjilov Rome, Italy Giulia Festa October 2016 Acknowledgments Wewouldliketothankalltheauthorsandexpertsinthefieldofneutronsappliedto cultural heritage for their valuable contributions, which made this book possible. Berlin, Germany Nikolay Kardjilov Rome, Italy Giulia Festa October 2016 vii Contents Part I Cultural Heritage and Neutrons 1 Probing Our Heritage with Neutrons—One Successful Story . .... 3 G. Festa, N. Kardjilov and C. Andreani 2 Bronze Sculptures and Lead Objects Tell Stories About Their Creators: Investigation of Renaissance Sculptures and Ancient Ingots by Means of Neutron Tomography.... .... .... ..... .... 19 E.H. Lehmann, R. van Lang, M. Estermann, S. Hartmann, F. LoCelso, N. Kardjilov, P. Tisseyre and S. Tusa 3 Paintings Reveal Their Secrets: Neutron Autoradiography Allows the Visualization of Hidden Layers ... .... .... ..... .... 41 A. Denker, C. Laurenze-Landsberg, K. Kleinert and B. Schröder-Smeibidl 4 Neutrons Unveil Secrets of Musical Instruments... .... ..... .... 53 G. Festa, D. Mannes and A. Scherillo 5 The Glory of Ancient Weapons and Armors: Neutron Imaging and Diffraction Methods in Modern Archaeology ... .... 67 F. Salvemini and F. Grazzi 6 Ceramics, Marbles and Stones in the Light of Neutrons: Characterization by Various Neutron Methods.... .... ..... .... 89 Zsolt Kasztovszky, Veronika Szilágyi, Katalin T. Biró, JuditZöldföldi,M.IsabelDias,AntónioValera,EmmanuelAbraham, Maryelle Bessou, Fabrizio LoCelso and Valerio Benfante 7 Paleontology: Fossilized Ancestors Awaken by Neutron Radiography .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 141 Frikkie C. De Beer ix x Contents Part II Neutron Experimental Methods 8 General Introduction to Neutron Physics and Instrumentation.... 175 R. Pynn and I.S. Anderson 9 Scattering Techniques: Small- and Wide-Angle Neutron Diffraction .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 183 C.-K. Loong, A. Scherillo and G. Festa 10 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). .... .... .... .... ..... .... 209 P. Bode 11 Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA). .... .... ..... .... 221 T. Belgya and Zs. Révay 12 Neutron Resonance Analysis... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 235 H. Postma and P. Schillebeeckx 13 Neutron Resonance Imaging... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 285 G. Gorini, E. Schooneveld, E. Perelli Cippo and D. Di Martino 14 Prompt Gamma Activation Imaging (PGAI).. .... .... ..... .... 303 Z. Kis, L. Szentmiklósi, R. Schulze and E. Abraham 15 Neutron Activation Autoradiography.... .... .... .... ..... .... 321 A. Denker, N. Kardjilov and B. Schröder-Smeibidl 16 Neutron Imaging... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 329 N. Kardjilov, E. Lehmann, M. Strobl, R. Woracek and I. Manke
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