Neurotrophic Factors PDF
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Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 220 Gary R. Lewin Bruce D. Carter Editors Neurotrophic Factors Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 220 Editor-in-Chief W. Rosenthal, Berlin Editorial Board J.E. Barrett, Philadelphia J. Buckingham, Uxbridge V. Flockerzi, Homburg P. Geppetti, Florence F.B. Hofmann, Mu¨nchen M.C. Michel, Ingelheim P. Moore, Singapore C.P. Page, London Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/164 ThiSisaFMBlankPage Gary R. Lewin (cid:129) Bruce D. Carter Editors Neurotrophic Factors Editors GaryR.Lewin BruceD.Carter DepartmentofNeuroscience DepartmentofBiochemistry Max-Delbru¨ck-Centerfor VanderbiltUniversitySchoolofMedicine MolecularMedicine Nashville Berlin Tennessee Germany USA ISSN0171-2004 ISSN1865-0325(electronic) ISBN978-3-642-45105-8 ISBN978-3-642-45106-5(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-45106-5 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014933801 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Neurotrophic factors can be broadly understood as any secreted factor that has nourishingorsustainingeffectonneurons.Thearchetypicalneurotrophicfactoris nervegrowthfactor(NGF)whichwasfirstdiscoveredinseriesofelegantembryo- logical and biochemical experiments carried out by Rita Levi-Montalcini and her colleagues.Inthe1980sand1990s,theworkofHansThoenen,Yves-AlainBarde, andotherspavedthewayforthediscoveryofnewmembersofthisfamilyBDNF, NT-3, and NT-4. This family of neurotrophic factors became known as the neurotrophins. In parallel to these discoveries, other neurotrophic factors were discovered, notably the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) which also belongs to a small sub-family of factors which includes neurtrin, artemin, and persephin. Our knowledge on the biology of neurotrophic factors has exploded in the last 15 years and it has become apparent that members of the neurotrophin familyplayimportantroles,notjustinthedevelopmentofthenervoussystem,but inthenormalphysiologyandpathophysiologyofthebrain.Forthisreasonwehave chosentolargelyrestrictthefocusofthisnewhandbookofpharmacologyvolume onneurotrophicfactorstothebiologyoftheneurotrophinsNGF,BDNF,NT-3,and NT-4. Research on the neurotrophins in the 1990s provided much hope that these factors would show therapeutic potential in a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseasesfromAlzheimer’stoParkinson’sdisease.Itisprobablyfairtosaythatthe research emphasis has moved away from pursuing a role for neurotrophins in neuroprotection.Neverthelessthelast15yearshaswitnessedoutstandingprogress in understanding the functional roles of these neurotrophic factors and their receptorsinnormaldevelopmentandadultphysiology,theirmechanismsofaction, aswellastheirroleinthepathophysiologyofdisease.Thisbookprovidescritical reviewsoftheroleofneurotrophinsandtheirreceptorsinawidevarietyofdiseases including neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington’s, cognitive dysfunction, psychiatric disorders such as clinical depression, Rett syndrome, motor neurone disease,spinalcordinjury,pain,metabolicdisease,andcardiovasculardisease.The book also contains contributions from leaders in the field dealing with the basic biology,transcriptionalandpost-translationalregulationoftheneurotrophins,and their receptors. The last decade has witnessed a radical change in the view of neurotrophins and their receptors, because of the discovery that the pro-peptide formsofNGFandBDNF,inparticular,havedistinctbiologicaleffectsmediatedby novelreceptorconstellations,includingthatoftheVPS10pfamilytransmembrane v vi Preface receptorsortilinandthelow-affinityneurotrophinreceptorp75NTR.Thusthereare more molecular targets for manipulating neurotrophins available and more validated disease processes in which neurotrophins play a relevant and powerful role.Pharmaceuticalstailoredtointerferewithneurotrophinfunctionhavenotonly been developed,buteven show clinical efficacy inlate stage clinical trials for the treatmentofpain.Thisbookwillreviewallrecentareasofprogressinthestudyof neurotrophins and their biological roles. Importantly, world-renowned experts explainthedetailedandcomplexbiologyofthesefactorsinthecontextofdisease, revealing future perspectives for new therapies based on neurotrophin signalling andtheirdownstreamtargets. Weareveryexcitedaboutthisbookasitcontainscontributionsfromtheleading scientists inthe field whobringauniquecombination ofexpertise onthe detailed molecular mechanisms by which neurotrophins signal as well as perspectives on theirdiseaserelevance.Duringthefinalstagesoftheproductionofthisbook,two pioneers in the field of neurotrophin research, Rita Levi-Montalcini and Hans Thoenen, sadly passed away. We both had the honour and the luck to benefit from close scientific contact with Hans Thoenen in the formative years of our researchcareers.Wewouldliketodedicatethisvolumetothememoryofthesetwo wonderfulscientists,RitaLevi-MontalciniandHansThoenen. Berlin,Germany GaryR.Lewin Nashville,TN BruceD.Carter Contents PartI TheNeurotrophinFamily NGF,BDNF,NT3,andNT4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 M.Bothwell DecipheringProneurotrophinActions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 B.L.Hempstead SpatiotemporalIntracellularDynamicsofNeurotrophin andItsReceptors.ImplicationsforNeurotrophinSignaling andNeuronalFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 F.C.Bronfman,O.M.Lazo,C.Flores,andC.A.Escudero Neurotrophins:TranscriptionandTranslation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 A.E.West,P.Pruunsild,andT.Timmusk PartII NeurotrophinReceptors TrkReceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 KatrinDeinhardtandMosesV.Chao TheBiologicalFunctionsandSignalingMechanismsofthep75 NeurotrophinReceptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 B.R.Kraemer,S.O.Yoon,andB.D.Carter SortilinsinNeurotrophicFactorSignaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 S.Glerup,A.Nykjaer,andC.B.Vaegter PartIII TheBiologyofNeurotrophins NeurotrophinsintheRegulationofCellularSurvivalandDeath . . . . . 193 ClaireCeni,NicolasUnsain,MicheleP.Zeinieh,andPhilipA.Barker BDNFandSynapticPlasticity,CognitiveFunction,andDysfunction . . . 223 B.Lu,G.Nagappan,andY.Lu vii viii Contents NerveGrowthFactorandNociception:FromExperimental EmbryologytoNewAnalgesicTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 GaryR.Lewin,StefanG.Lechner,andEwanSt.JohnSmith NeurotrophinsandtheRegulationofEnergyBalance andBodyWeight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 M.Rios TheBiologyofNeurotrophins:CardiovascularFunction . . . . . . . . . . . 309 CostanzaEmanueli,MarcoMeloni,WohaibHasan,andBethA.Habecker NeurotrophinSignallingandTranscriptionProgrammes InteractionsintheDevelopmentofSomatosensoryNeurons . . . . . . . . . 329 F.Marmige`reandP.Carroll PartIV NeurotrophinsinPathologicalConditions Huntington’sDisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 ChiaraZuccatoandElenaCattaneo MotoneuronDisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 M.Sendtner NeurotrophicFactorsinSpinalCordInjury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 VanessaS.BoyceandLorneM.Mendell NeurotrophinsandPsychiatricDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 E.Castre´n Brain-DerivedNeurotrophicFactorandRettSyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 D.M.Katz ModulationofNeurotrophinSignalingbyMonoclonalAntibodies . . . . 497 A.RosenthalandJ.C.Lin Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Part I The Neurotrophin Family
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